Antioxidant compositions and methods of protecting skin, hair and nails against high energy blue-violet light

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods of using them for protecting skin, hair and nails against exposure to high energy visible light are described. The compositions can include one or more natural oils or extracts which are effective to absorb the high energy visible light at least to some degree.

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/154,228 filed on Apr. 29, 2015, theentire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by referencefor all purposes.

TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

This application is related to compositions and methods of using them toprotect a user's skin, nails, and hair from exposure to high energyviolet or blue visible light. In certain instances, the compositions areeffective to absorb light in the 380-500 nm range or in the 400-500 nmrange to protect the skin of the user. The compositions may be presentin a cosmetic formulation or as a lotion or other configurations thatpermits placement and/or retention on the skin, hair, and nails.

BACKGROUND

Many new indoor compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs and light-emittingdiodes (LEDs) can emit light in the 380-500 nm range. These wavelengthsof light can cause damage to the skin of a user positioned under or nearthe CFL and LED bulbs. Also, solar radiation reaching the Earth consistsapproximately 25-30% light in this range. Conventional sunscreencompositions are designed to absorb light at wavelengths below 380 nmand provide no protection against longer wavelength solar radiation(>380 nm), as well as CFL- and LED-light exposure above 380 nm.Electronic device screens and displays having LED backlights emit lightin 400-500 nm range, and thus, present danger for the user, as well.

SUMMARY

In a first aspect, a method of protecting cellular damage of an animalcell from exposure to incident high energy light comprising a wavelengthof about 380 nm to about 500 nm is described. In certain instances, themethod comprises topically administering a composition to the animalcell comprising at least one natural oil or extract present in aneffective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of greater than or equal to1.5 at an area of the animal cell where the composition has beentopically administered.

In some configurations, the method comprises the natural oil or extractfrom the group consisting of extra virgin olive oil, wheat germ oil,sunflower oil, flax seed oil, rosehip oil, carrot seed oil, apricot seedoil, pumpkin seed oil, hemp oil, jojoba oil, argan oil, cranberry oil,broccoli seed oil, pomegranate oil, evening primrose oil, red raspberryoil, black raspberry oil, sea buckthorn berry oil, sea buckthorn seedoil, sesame oil, turmeric oil, cumin oil, marula oil, chia seed oil,shea butter, chaga extract and bees wax. In other configurations, themethod comprises configuring the composition to comprise at least twonatural oils or extracts or their combination. In some examples, themethod comprises selecting each of the two natural oils or extract toindependently be one of extra virgin olive oil, wheat germ oil,sunflower oil, flax seed oil, rosehip oil, carrot seed oil, apricot seedoil, pumpkin seed oil, hemp oil, jojoba oil, argan oil, cranberry oil,broccoli seed oil, pomegranate oil, evening primrose oil, red raspberryoil, black raspberry oil, sea buckthorn oil, sesame oil, turmeric oil,cumin oil, marula oil, chia seed oil, shea butter, chaga extract andbees wax, wherein the two natural oils are different oils and whereinthe amount of each of the two natural oils is selected so thecomposition absorbs about 30% of the incident high energy light. Inother instances, the method comprises configuring the composition tocomprise at least three natural oils or extracts or their combination.In some embodiments, the method comprises selecting each of the threenatural oils or extracts to independently be one of extra virgin oliveoil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flax seed oil, rosehip oil, carrotseed oil, apricot seed oil, pumpkin seed oil, hemp oil, jojoba oil,argan oil, cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil, pomegranate oil, eveningprimrose oil, red raspberry oil, black raspberry oil, sea buckthorn oil,sesame oil, turmeric oil, cumin oil, marula oil, chia seed oil, sheabutter, chaga extract and bees wax, wherein the three natural oils aredifferent oils and wherein the amount of each of the three natural oilsis selected to provide a HEV/VIS ratio for the total composition ofgreater than or equal to 1.5 at an area of the animal cell where thecomposition has been topically administered. In certain examples, themethod comprises configuring the composition to comprise at least fournatural oils or extracts or their combination. In other examples, themethod comprises selecting each of the four natural oils or extracts toindependently be one of extra virgin olive oil, wheat germ oil,sunflower oil, flax seed oil, rosehip oil, carrot seed oil, apricot seedoil, pumpkin seed oil, hemp oil, jojoba oil, argan oil, cranberry oil,broccoli seed oil, pomegranate oil, evening primrose oil, red raspberryoil, black raspberry oil, sea buckthorn oil, sesame oil, turmeric oil,cumin oil, marula oil, chia seed oil, shea butter, chaga extract andbees wax, wherein the four natural oils are different oils and whereinthe amount of each of the four natural oils is selected to provide aHEV/VIS ratio for the total composition of greater than or equal to 1.5at an area of the animal cell where the composition has been topicallyadministered. In other examples, the method comprises configuring thecomposition to comprise at least one Group A natural oil and at leastone Group B natural oil. In some embodiments, the method comprisesselecting the at least one natural oil from Type I oils. In furtherexamples, the method comprises configuring the composition with at leastone Type II oil. In some embodiments, the method comprises configuringthe composition with at least one Type III oil. In certain examples, themethod comprises configuring the composition with at least one booster.In some embodiments, the booster is selected from the group consistingof chaga extract, cumin oil, seabuckthorn oil/extract, pomegranate seedoil, turmeric oil, green tea extracts, berry extracts/oils, rosehip oil,cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil, grape seed extract/oil, extra virginolive oil, clove oil and cinnamon bark oil. In certain embodiments, themethod comprises configuring the composition with at least one carrier,e.g., natural or non-natural carrier compounds, effective to permittopical administration of the composition. In some embodiments, themethod comprises configuring the carrier to enhance transport of thecomposition into cells. In additional examples, the method comprisesconfiguring the composition with a first natural oil that absorbs about30%, 40%, 50% or more of the incident high energy light having awavelength of about 380-400 nm that is incident on the area of theanimal cell where the composition has been topically administered. Infurther examples, the method comprises configuring the composition witha second natural oil that absorbs at least 30%, 40%, 50% or more of theincident high energy light having a wavelength of about 400-440 nm thatis incident on the area of the animal cell where the composition hasbeen topically administered. In some embodiments, the method comprisesconfiguring the composition with a third natural oil that absorbs atleast 30%, 40%, 50% or more of the incident high energy light having awavelength of about 440-500 nm that is incident on the area of theanimal cell where the composition has been topically administered. Insome examples, the method comprises configuring the composition with atleast one of (i) an additional component effective to absorb incidentlight having a wavelength below 380 nm, (ii) a booster effective toreduce reactive oxygen species or (iii) particles effective to scatterlight comprising a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a method of simultaneously reducing the level ofreactive oxygen species in an external animal cell and protecting theanimal cell from exposure to incident light comprising a wavelength ofabout 380 nm to about 500 nm is disclosed. In certain instanced, themethod comprises topically administering a composition comprising atleast one natural oil or extract, wherein the natural oil or extract ispresent in an effective amount in the composition to reduce reactiveoxygen species in the external animal cell by at least 10% after topicalapplication of the composition to the external animal cell, and whereinthe composition comprises a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 where thecompositions has been topically applied.

In certain configurations, the method comprises selecting the at leastone natural oil as a Group A oil or a Type I oil. In other examples, themethod comprises configuring the composition with at least oneadditional oil which is a Group B, Type II or Type III oil. In someembodiments, the method comprises configuring the composition with atleast one booster. In further examples, the method comprises selectingthe booster as one or more of chaga extract, cumin oil, seabuckthornextract/oil, pomegranate seed oil, turmeric oil, green tea extracts,berry extracts/oils, rosehip oil, cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil,grape seed extract/oil, extra virgin olive oil, clove oil and cinnamonbark oil. In other examples, the method comprises configuring thecomposition with at least two, three, four or more different naturaloils or extracts or their combination. In certain embodiments, themethod comprises configuring the composition with a first natural oilthat absorbs at least 50% of the incident light comprising a wavelengthof about 380-400 nm that is incident on the external mammalian cellwhere the composition has been topically administered. In some examples,the method comprises configuring the composition with a second naturaloil that absorbs at least 30% of the incident light comprising awavelength of about 400-440 nm that is incident on the externalmammalian cell where the composition has been topically administered. Insome embodiments, the method comprises configuring the composition witha third natural oil that absorbs at least 30% of the incident highenergy light comprising a wavelength of about 440-500 nm that isincident on the external mammalian cell where the composition has beentopically administered. In some examples, the method comprisesconfiguring the composition with at least one of (i) an additionalcomponent effective to absorb incident light having a wavelength below380 nm, (ii) a booster effective to reduce reactive oxygen species or(iii) particles effective to scatter light comprising a wavelength ofabout 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a method of simultaneously reducing cellular aging,reducing free radical species and providing visible light protection tomammalian skin, hair or nails is provided. In certain examples, themethod comprises topically administering a composition comprising aneffective amount of a natural oil which (i) absorbs at least 30% ofincident light comprising a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nmwhich is incident on the mammalian skin, hair or nails and (ii) preventsthe generation of reactive oxygen species in the skin due to lightexposure during and after the topical administration of the compositionon the mammalian skin, hair or nails by at least 20%.

In certain examples, the method comprises selecting the at least onenatural oil as a Group A oil or a Type I oil. In other examples, themethod comprises configuring the composition with at least oneadditional oil which is a Group B, Type II or Type III oil. In someembodiments, the method comprises configuring the composition with atleast one booster. In certain examples, the method comprises selectingthe booster as one or more of chaga extract, cumin oil, seabuckthornoil/extract, pomegranate seed oil, turmeric oil, green tea extracts,berry extracts/oils, rosehip oil, cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil,grape seed extract/oil, extra virgin olive oil, clove oil and cinnamonoil. In some examples, the method comprises configuring the compositionwith at least two, three, four or more different natural oils orextracts or their combination. In certain embodiments, the methodcomprises configuring the composition with a first natural oil thatabsorbs at least 30% of the incident light comprising a wavelength ofabout 380-400 nm that is incident on the external mammalian cell wherethe composition has been topically administered. In some examples, themethod comprises configuring the composition with a second natural oilthat absorbs at least 30% of the incident light comprising a wavelengthof about 400-440 nm that is incident on the external mammalian cellwhere the composition has been topically administered. In otherexamples, the method comprises configuring the composition with a thirdnatural oil that absorbs at least 30% of the incident high energy lightcomprising a wavelength of about 440-500 nm that is incident on theexternal mammalian cell where the composition has been topicallyadministered. In certain embodiments, the method comprises configuringthe composition to comprise substantially no absorption of light havinga wavelength below about 380 nm. In some examples, the method comprisesconfiguring the composition with at least one of (i) an additionalcomponent effective to absorb incident light having a wavelength below380 nm, (ii) a booster effective to reduce reactive oxygen species or(iii) particles effective to scatter light comprising a wavelength ofabout 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In an additional aspect, a method of reducing skin, hair or nail damageassociated with exposure to light comprising a wavelength of about 380nm to about 500 nm is disclosed. In certain examples, the methodcomprises providing a composition comprising at least one natural oil orextract present in an effective amount to absorb at least 30% of theincident light comprising the wavelength of 380 nm to about 500 nm whenthe composition is topically administered to the skin, hair or nails,wherein the composition comprises a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises selecting the natural oilor extract from the group consisting of extra virgin olive oil, wheatgerm oil, sunflower oil, flax seed oil, rosehip oil, carrot seed oil,apricot seed oil, pumpkin seed oil, hemp oil, jojoba oil, argan oil,cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil, pomegranate oil, evening primrose oil,red raspberry oil, black raspberry oil, sea buckthorn oil, sesame oil,turmeric oil, cumin oil, marula oil, chia seed oil, shea butter, chagaextract and bees wax, and wherein the amount of the natural oil in thecomposition is selected to absorb at least 30% of the incident light,e.g., with a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm, that isincident on the skin, hair or nails where the composition has beentopically administered. In other embodiments, the method comprisesconfiguring the composition to comprise at least two natural oils orextracts or their combination. In some instances, the method comprisesselecting each of the two natural oils to independently be one of extravirgin olive oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flax seed oil, rosehipoil, carrot seed oil, apricot seed oil, pumpkin seed oil, hemp oil,jojoba oil, argan oil, cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil, pomegranateoil, evening primrose oil, red raspberry oil, black raspberry oil, seabuckthorn oil, sesame oil, turmeric oil, cumin oil, marula oil, chiaseed oil, shea butter, chaga extract and bees wax, wherein the twonatural oils are different oils and wherein the amount of each of thetwo natural oils is selected so the composition absorbs at least 30% ofthe incident light, e.g., with a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500nm, that is incident on the skin, hair or nails where the compositionhas been topically administered. In further examples, the methodcomprises configuring the composition to comprise at least three naturaloils or extracts or their combination. In some examples, the methodcomprises each of the three natural oils or extracts to independently beone of extra virgin olive oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flax seedoil, rosehip oil, carrot seed oil, apricot seed oil, pumpkin seed oil,hemp oil, jojoba oil, argan oil, cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil,pomegranate oil, evening primrose oil, red raspberry oil, blackraspberry oil, sea buckthorn oil, sesame oil, turmeric oil, cumin oil,marula oil, chia seed oil, shea butter, chaga extract and bees wax,wherein the three natural oils are different oils and wherein the amountof each of the three natural oils is selected so the composition absorbsat least 30% of the incident light, e.g., with a wavelength of about 380nm to about 500 nm, that is incident on the skin, hair or nails wherethe composition has been topically administered. In some examples, themethod comprises configuring the composition to comprise at least fournatural oils or extracts or their combination. In other embodiments, themethod comprises selecting each of the four natural oils or extract toindependently be one of extra virgin olive oil, wheat germ oil,sunflower oil, flax seed oil, rosehip oil, carrot seed oil, apricot seedoil, pumpkin seed oil, hemp oil, jojoba oil, argan oil, cranberry oil,broccoli seed oil, pomegranate oil, evening primrose oil, red raspberryoil, black raspberry oil, sea buckthorn oil, sesame oil, turmeric oil,cumin oil, marula oil, chia seed oil, shea butter, chaga extract andbees wax, wherein the four natural oils are different oils and whereinthe amount of each of the four natural oils is selected so thecomposition absorbs at least 30% of the incident light, e.g., with awavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm, that is incident on theskin, hair or nails where the composition has been topicallyadministered. In some instances, the method comprises configuring thecomposition to comprise at least one Group A natural oil and at leastone Group B natural oil. In other examples, the method comprisesselecting the at least one natural oil from Type I oils. In someinstances, the method comprises further configuring the composition withat least one Type II oil. In certain examples, the method comprisesfurther configuring the composition with at least one Type III oil. Insome embodiments, the method comprises configuring the composition withat least one booster. In certain examples, the booster is selected fromthe group consisting of chaga extract, cumin oil, seabuckthornoil/extract, pomegranate seed oil, turmeric oil, green tea extracts,berry extracts/oils, rosehip oil, cranberry oil, broccoli seed oil,grape seed extract oil, extra virgin olive oil, clove oil and cinnamonbark oil. In other instances, the method comprises configuring thecomposition with at least one carrier effective to permit topicaladministration of the composition. In some examples, the methodcomprises configuring the carrier to enhance transport of thecomposition into cells. In other examples, the method comprisesconfiguring the composition with a first natural oil that absorbs atleast 30% of incident high energy light comprising a wavelength of about380-400 nm that is incident on the skin, hair or nails where thecomposition has been topically administered. In certain embodiments, themethod comprises configuring the composition with a second natural oilthat absorbs at least 30% of the incident high energy light having awavelength of about 400-440 nm that is incident on the skin, hair ornails where the composition has been topically administered. In otherinstances, the method comprises configuring the composition with a thirdnatural oil that absorbs at least 50% of the incident high energy lighthaving a wavelength of about 400-440 nm that is incident on the skin,hair or nails where the composition has been topically administered. Insome embodiments, the method comprises selecting the composition tocomprise a composition that has substantially no absorption of lighthaving a wavelength below about 380 nm. In some examples, the methodcomprises configuring the composition with at least one of (i) anadditional component effective to absorb incident light having awavelength below 380 nm, (ii) a booster effective to reduce reactiveoxygen species or (iii) particles effective to scatter light comprisinga wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a method of protecting human skin from lightcomprising a wavelength from about 380 nm to about 500 nm is described.In certain examples, the method comprises providing a compositioncomprising at least one natural oil or extract present in an effectiveamount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 where the compositionis topically administered to the skin, and providing instructions fortopically administering the composition on the skin.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises selecting the natural oilor extract and its concentration to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least1.75. In other examples, the method comprises selecting the natural oilor extract and its concentration to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least2.0. In some embodiments, the method comprises selecting the natural oilor extract and its concentration to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least2.25. In certain examples, the method comprises selecting thecomposition to comprise two natural oils or extracts or theircombination each present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VISratio of at least 1.5 for the composition. In other examples, the methodcomprises selecting the two natural oils or extracts or theircombination and their concentrations to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of atleast 2.0 for the composition. In some embodiments, the method comprisesselecting the composition to comprise three natural oils or extracts ortheir combination each present in an effective amount to provide aHEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 for the composition. In other examples,the method comprises selecting the three natural oils or extracts ortheir combination and their concentrations to provide a HEV/VIS ratio ofat least 2.0 for the composition. In some examples, the method comprisesselecting the composition to comprise four natural oils or extracts ortheir combination each present in an effective amount to provide aHEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 for the composition. In certain instances,the method comprises selecting the four natural oils or extracts ortheir combination and its concentration to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of atleast 2.0 for the composition. In some examples, the method comprisesconfiguring the composition with at least one of (i) an additionalcomponent effective to absorb incident light having a wavelength below380 nm, (ii) a booster effective to reduce reactive oxygen species or(iii) particles effective to scatter light comprising a wavelength ofabout 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a composition comprising at least one natural oil orextract present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio ofgreater than or equal to 1.5 at an area of an animal where thecomposition has been topically administered, and a carrier combinablewith the natural oil or extract to permit topical application of thenatural oil or extract to the skin, hair or nails, e.g., a natural ornon-natural carrier or excipient can be present.

In certain embodiments, the natural oil or extract and its concentrationis present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least1.75. In other embodiments, the natural oil or extract and itsconcentration is present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VISratio of at least 2.0. In certain examples, the natural oil or extractand its concentration is present in an effective amount to provide aHEV/VIS ratio of at least 2.25. In some instances, the compositioncomprises two natural oils or extracts or their combination, wherein thetwo natural oils or extracts are each present in an effective amount toprovide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 for the composition. In otherinstances, the two natural oils or extracts or their combination andtheir concentrations are selected to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least2.0 for the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprisesthree natural oils or extracts or their combination, wherein the twonatural oils or extracts are each present in an effective amount toprovide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 for the composition. In someexamples, the three natural oils or extracts or their combination andtheir concentrations are selected to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least2.0 for the composition. In other examples, the composition comprisesfour natural oils or extracts or their combination each present in aneffective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 or at least2.0 for the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprisesat least one of (i) an additional component effective to absorb incidentlight having a wavelength below 380 nm, (ii) a booster effective toreduce reactive oxygen species or (iii) particles effective to scatterlight comprising a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In an additional aspect, a composition comprising at least one naturaloil or extract, wherein the natural oil or extract is present in aneffective amount in the composition to reduce reactive oxygen species inan external animal cell by at least 10% after topical application of thecomposition to the external animal cell, and wherein the compositioncomprises an effective amount of the oil to provide a HEV/VIS ratio ofat least 1.5 where the compositions has been topically applied, and acarrier combinable with the natural oil or extract to permit topicalapplication of the natural oil or extract to the external animal cell isprovided.

In certain instances, the natural oil or extract and its concentrationis present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least1.75 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.25. In other examples, thecomposition comprises at least two natural oils or extracts, wherein thetwo natural oils or extracts or their combination and each is present inan effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 or atleast 2.0 for the composition. In some examples, the compositioncomprises at least three natural oils or extracts, wherein the threenatural oils or extracts or their combination and each is present in aneffective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 or at least2.0 for the composition. In other examples, the composition comprises atleast three natural oils or extracts, wherein the three natural oils orextracts or their combination and each is present in an effective amountto provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 or at least 2.0 for thecomposition. In some examples, the composition comprises at least one of(i) an additional component effective to absorb incident light having awavelength below 380 nm, (ii) a booster effective to reduce reactiveoxygen species or (iii) particles effective to scatter light comprisinga wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a composition comprising an effective amount of anatural oil or extract which simultaneously (i) absorbs at least 30% ofincident light comprising a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nmwhich is incident on the mammalian skin, hair or nails and (ii) preventsfuture generation of additional reactive oxygen species in the skinduring and after the topical administration of the composition on themammalian skin, hair or nails for at least 20%, and a carrier combinablewith the natural oil or extract to permit topical application of thenatural oil or extract to the external animal cell is described.

In certain embodiments, the natural oil or extract is selected from thegroup consisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils. Inother embodiments, the composition comprises at least two natural oilsor extracts each present in an effective amount to provide thecomposition which simultaneously (i) absorbs at least 30% of incidentlight comprising the wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm which isincident on the mammalian skin, hair or nails and (ii) prevents futuregeneration of additional reactive oxygen species in the skin during andafter the topical administration of the composition on the mammalianskin, hair or nails for at least 20%. In some examples, at least one ofthe natural oils or extracts is selected from the group consisting ofGroup A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils, and the other naturaloil or extract is selected from the group consisting of Group A oils,Group B oils, Type I oils, Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 groupoils, HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises at least three natural oils or extracts eachpresent in an effective amount to provide the composition whichsimultaneously (i) absorbs at least 30% of incident light comprising thewavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm which is incident on themammalian skin, hair or nails and (ii) prevents the generation ofreactive oxygen species in the skin due to light exposure during andafter the topical administration of the composition on the mammalianskin, hair or nails for at least 20%. In certain examples, at least oneof the natural oils or extracts is selected from the group consisting ofGroup A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils, and the other twonatural oils or extracts are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of Group A oils, Group B oils, Type I oils, Type II oils,Type III oils, HEV-1 group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. Insome instances, the composition comprises at least four natural oils orextracts each present in an effective amount to provide the compositionwhich simultaneously (i) absorbs at least 30% of incident lightcomprising the wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm which isincident on the mammalian skin, hair or nails and (ii) prevents thegeneration of reactive oxygen species in the skin due to light exposureduring and after the topical administration of the composition on themammalian skin, hair or nails for at least 20%. In some embodiments, atleast one of the natural oils or extracts is selected from the groupconsisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils, and theother three natural oils or extracts are each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A oils, Group B oils, Type I oils,Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVAgroup oils. In other embodiments, the carrier comprises at least one ofliposomes, lipids, micelles, and particles. In some instances, thecomposition comprises at least one of (i) an additional componenteffective to absorb incident light having a wavelength below 380 nm,(ii) a booster effective to reduce reactive oxygen species or (iii)particles effective to scatter light comprising a wavelength of about380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a composition comprises at least one natural oilpresent in an effective amount to absorb at least 30% of the incidentlight comprising the wavelength of 380 nm to about 500 nm when thecomposition is topically administered to the skin, hair or nail of amammal, wherein the composition comprises a HEV/VIS ratio of at least1.5, and a carrier combinable with the natural oil or extract to permittopical application of the natural oil or extract to the external animalcell. In some embodiments, the natural oil or extract is selected fromthe group consisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils.In other embodiments, the composition comprises at least two naturaloils or extracts or their combination. In some examples, at least one ofthe natural oils or extracts is selected from the group consisting ofGroup A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils, and the other naturaloil or extract is selected from the group consisting of Group A oils,Group B oils, Type I oils, Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 groupoils, HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. In other examples, thecomposition comprises at least three natural oils or extracts or theircombination. In certain embodiments, at least one of the natural oils orextracts is selected from the group consisting of Group A oils, Type Ioils and HEV-1 group oils, and the other two natural oils or extractsare each independently selected from the group consisting of Group Aoils, Group B oils, Type I oils, Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. In other examples, thecomposition comprises at least four natural oils or extracts or theircombination. In some instances, at least one of the natural oils orextracts is selected from the group consisting of Group A oils, Type Ioils and HEV-1 group oils, and the other three natural oils or extractsare each independently selected from the group consisting of Group Aoils, Group B oils, Type I oils, Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. In certain examples,the carrier comprises at least one of liposomes, lipids, micelles, andparticles. In other examples, the composition comprises at least one of(i) an additional component effective to absorb incident light having awavelength below 380 nm, (ii) a booster effective to reduce reactiveoxygen species or (iii) particles effective to scatter light comprisinga wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a composition comprising a plurality of natural oilsor extracts or their combination each present in an effective amount inthe composition so the composition comprises a HEV/VIS ratio of at least1.5 is provided.

In certain examples, the natural oils or extracts or combination areeach independently selected from the group consisting of Group A oils,Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils. In other instances, the compositioncomprise a booster. In some instances, at least one of the natural oilsor extracts or combinations is selected from the group consisting ofGroup A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils, and the other naturaloils or extracts is selected from the group consisting of Group A oils,Group B oils, Type I oils, Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 groupoils, HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. In other instances, thecomposition comprises a booster and light scattering particles. In someexamples, at least one of the natural oils or extracts is selected fromthe group consisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils,and the other natural oils or extracts are each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A oils, Group B oils, Type I oils,Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVAgroup oils. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least fournatural oils or extracts or their combination. In certain examples, atleast one of the natural oils or extracts is selected from the groupconsisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils, and theother three natural oils or extracts are each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A oils, Group B oils, Type I oils,Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVAgroup oils. In some examples, the composition comprises a carriercomprising at least one of liposomes, lipids, micelles, and particles.In certain embodiments, the composition comprises at least oneadditional component effective to absorb incident light having awavelength below 380 nm. In some embodiments, the composition furthercomprises an additional component effective to absorb incident lighthaving a wavelength below 380 nm.

In another aspect, a kit comprising a composition comprising at leastone natural oil or extract present in an effective amount to provide aHEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 where the composition is topicallyadministered to the skin, hair or nails of a mammal, and instructionsfor topically administering the composition to the skin, hair or nailsof a mammal is provided.

In certain examples, the natural oil or extract is selected from thegroup consisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils. Inother examples, the kit comprises a composition comprising at least twonatural oils or extracts or their combination in the composition. Insome examples, at least one of the natural oils or extracts is selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 groupoils, and the other natural oil or extract is selected from the groupconsisting of Group A oils, Group B oils, Type I oils, Type II oils,Type III oils, HEV-1 group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. Inother examples, the kit comprises a composition comprising at leastthree natural oils or extracts or their combination in the composition.In some instances, at least one of the natural oils or extracts isselected from the group consisting of Group A oils, Type I oils andHEV-1 group oils, and the other two natural oils or extracts are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of Group A oils, GroupB oils, Type I oils, Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 group oils,HEV-2 group oils and UVA group oils. In other examples, the kitcomprises a composition comprising at least four natural oils orextracts or their combination in the composition. In some embodiments,at least one of the natural oils or extracts is selected from the groupconsisting of Group A oils, Type I oils and HEV-1 group oils, and theother three natural oils or extracts are each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A oils, Group B oils, Type I oils,Type II oils, Type III oils, HEV-1 group oils, HEV-2 group oils and UVAgroup oils. In other examples, the kit comprises a carrier whichcomprises at least one of liposomes, lipids, micelles, and particles. Insome instances, the kit comprises at least one of (i) an additionalcomponent effective to absorb incident light having a wavelength below380 nm, (ii) a booster effective to reduce reactive oxygen species or(iii) particles effective to scatter light comprising a wavelength ofabout 380 nm to about 500 nm.

In another aspect, a method of protecting mammalian hair, skin, nails orfur from generation of infrared radiation induced reactive oxygenspecies is disclosed. In certain examples, the method comprisestopically administering a composition to the mammalian hair, skin, nailsor fur comprising at least one natural oil or extract present in aneffective amount to absorb at least about 25% of incident lightcomprising a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500 nm, and wherein thenatural oil or extract and the effective amount is selected to preventgeneration of infrared radiation induced reactive oxygen species in thehair, skin, nail or fur comprising the topically administeredcomposition is provided.

Additional embodiments, aspects, configurations and features aredescribed in more detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Certain illustrative compositions and their use are described below withreference to the following figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing absorbance versus wavelength, in accordancewith certain examples;

FIG. 2A is a graph showing the absorbance of some conventional sunblockcomponents as a function of wavelength;

FIG. 2B is a graph showing various the absorbance of certain UVblockers;

FIG. 3 is a table showing the absorption characteristics of numerousoils, in accordance with certain examples;

FIG. 4 is another table showing the absorption characteristics ofnumerous oils, in accordance with certain examples;

FIGS. 5A-5X are spectra showing the absorbance of various Group A oilsat different wavelengths, in accordance with certain embodiments;

FIGS. 6A-6X are spectra showing the absorbance of various Group A oilsat different wavelengths, in accordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 6Y is a table showing the absorption characteristics of certainGroup B oils;

FIGS. 7A-7D are absorbance spectra or extracts;

FIG. 8A shows turmeric oil and turmeric oil in combination withblue-reflecting/scattering microparticles;

FIG. 8B shows pumpkin seed oil and pumpkin seed oil in combination withthe blue-reflecting/scattering microparticles;

FIG. 9 is a table showing various absorbance ratios for certain Type Ioils;

FIG. 10 is a table showing various absorbance ratios for certain Type IIoils;

FIG. 11 is a table showing various absorbance ratios for certain TypeIII oils;

FIG. 12 is a table showing various absorbance ratios for certain TypeFA-1 oils;

FIG. 13 is a table showing the fatty acid content for certain oils;

FIG. 14 is a table showing certain oil groupings (X and Y) and thephenol contents;

FIG. 15 is a table showing the phenol content of certain oils;

FIG. 16 is another table showing the phenol content of certain oils;

FIG. 17 is a table showing the carotenoid content of certain oils;

FIG. 18 is a table showing the sterol content of certain oils;

FIG. 19A-19B are tables showing Trolox values for certain oils;

FIG. 20 is a table showing ORAC values for certain oils;

FIG. 21 is a table that lists certain boosters which can be included inthe compositions;

FIGS. 22A and 22B are tables listing various oil combinations and theirpercent by volume;

FIGS. 23A-23BV are absorbance spectra for the combinations listed inFIGS. 22A and 22B;

FIGS. 24A-24F are absorbance spectra for certain test formulations;

FIGS. 25-27 show graphs for certain test formulations in Example 3;

FIGS. 28-30 show graphs for certain test formulations in Example 4;

FIGS. 31A-31F are absorbance spectra comparing commercial sunscreens tocertain formulations;

FIGS. 32A-32B are spectra taken of different thicknesses of formulationsL3 and K5;

FIGS. 33A-33C are tables showing HEV/VIS ratios for various oils; and

FIG. 34 is a table showing various HEV/VIS ratios for certainformulations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain aspects, embodiments and examples described herein are directedto skin, hair and nail care product compositions, which can protect theskin, hair and nails from harmful energetic portions of the visiblelight spectrum, i.e. violet-blue light part (380-500 nm or 400-500 nmalso referred to herein as high energy visible (HEV) light). Certaincompositions protect the skin, nail and hair from the light originatedfrom the sun and artificial light sources, such as fluorescent bulbs,compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), light-emitting diode (LED) lights,high-intensity discharge (HID) bulbs, metal halide lights, as well asthe radiation coming out from electronic devices' monitors, displays, TVscreens, etc. The sun, light sources and electronic screens emitsignificant light portion in the violet and blue spectral range (380-500nm or 400-500 nm). While there are available kinds of UV lightprotections, e.g. broad band sunscreen lotions or glass envelopes aroundcertain light bulbs, which significantly cut the UV light penetrationinto the skin or hair, there is no a product on the market that protectsthe skin, hair and nails from the harmful violet-blue visible light.Embodiments described herein relate to topically-applied compositions,which have one or more of violet-blue light blocking functionality,anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in addition to some otherfunctionalities as described herein.

In certain configurations, the compositions are formulated in such a wayto provide the right amount and type of essential fatty acids (FAs),tocopherols, polyphenols and other ingredients present in the oils used.By example only, EVOO and argan oil can be combined in certain ratios toprovide sufficient amount of tocopherol to be effective against oxygen-and nitrogen-radicals, respectively. A proper combination of saturated(SFA) and unsaturated FAs (MUFA and PUFA) can be selected for eachcomposition in order to provide the sufficient amount of phytonutrients,but also tailoring the consistency (viscosity) of each formulationdepending on its final application as a cream, lotion, balm, spray,aerosol or oil. The compositions described herein can be consideredmulti-functional in that they provide a barrier/protective coating(film) that can shield the skin, hair and nails from the harmful UV,violet and blue light as well as providing additional functionalitiessuch as anti-aging, rejuvenating, moisturizing, nourishing,anti-photoaging and others. In another embodiment, the proposedcompositions can be tailored to provide the maximum protection for eachskin type against UVA, violet and blue spectral rays. Depending on themelanin level in each particular skin tone, the relative ratio of theingredients in the skin composition can be adjusted for each skin tone.

In other instances, the compositions described herein can protect, e.g.,provide full protection or partial protection from generation of newreactive oxygen species (ROS) due to HEV light exposure. Thecompositions may also reduce existing ROS within a cell in addition topreventing further ROS generation. Where the description below refers toa reduction in ROS, this reduction may be based on prevention ofadditional ROS within the cell and/or reduction of an existing amount ofROS within the cell.

While various compositions described herein may be designed to absorbsubstantially all light within a selected wavelength range, to provideprotective effects it may not be necessary to absorb 100% of the light.For example, a 20%, 30%, 40% or even 50% reduction in the amount oflight in the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range which reaches theskin can provide beneficial results as well. The particular amount oflight to be absorbed can be tailored or tuned by adjusting the relevantweight percentages of the components and/or by including differentcomponents with each other. For example, it may be desirable to includea plurality of different components whose peak absorbance is differentover the wavelength range of 380-500 nm or 400-500 nm. Inclusion ofthese different components can flatten out the overall absorbance curvesuch that substantial absorbance of the blue-violet light occurs overthe desired wavelength range. For example and referring to FIG. 1 , anideal absorbance spectrum is shown where the absorbance (A), which islabeled as line 110 in FIG. 1 , of the composition is substantiallyconstant with a change in wavelength (λ), or dA/dλ=substantiallyconstant over 380-500 nm or 400-500 nm or even 380-450 nm or 450-500 nmdepending on the particular wavelengths of light that a user is exposed.While FIG. 1 shows the slope as being zero, i.e., a constant absorbanceover the wavelength range, the absorbance of the compositions describedherein may fluctuate, for example, by 2-20% from an average absorbanceover a desired wavelength range. In some instances, the fluctuation maybe more than 20% or less than 2% depending on the exact componentspresent in the composition.

In certain configurations, UVC light is blocked by the ozone layer, UVA,UVB, visible and IR light portions from the solar irradiation reach theEarth's surface. The visible part of the solar radiation hasapproximately 25-30% violet-blue light. Also, the light originating fromthe artificial indoor and outdoor light sources, especially the newesttypes, claimed to be energy-efficient, are emitting significant amountsof high energy violet-blue light. Some of the light manufactures, viz.those of compact fluorescent lights or CFLs, are already using doubleglass cover layers (envelopes) around the bulbs, which only “cut” the UVfraction of the emitted light, but do not filter the violet-bluefraction. Another energy-efficient light source are the light-emittingdiodes or LEDs, which are quickly becoming very popular for indoor andoutdoor lighting due to their “efficiency”—they use 85% less energy thanthe traditional bulbs and can last up-to 10 years. In the EU by law, by2016, traditional incandescent light sources will be replaced, and LEDsmay become the major light sources. In 2014, traditional incandescentlight sources were banned in USA. For comparative purposes, approx. 26%of the light from the popular CFLs is in the violet-blue portion of thespectrum, and approx. 35% of the radiation from the energy-efficientcool white LEDs is violet-blue. The conventional incandescent lampsemitted very little violet-blue light (about 3%). In addition, the lightirradiated from various electronic devices, such as computer monitors,cell phone screens, TV screens, laptop and tablet displays, PDAs,digital and video cameras and so on, also have pronounced violet-bluelight fraction. Depending on the backlight source used in the electronicdevice (LED, or OLED, or quantum dots backlight source), the 400-500 nmlight coming from these devices can have negative effects in the users.Increased alertness level, insomnia, eye strain, headaches, blurredvision, fatigue and even some serious diseases, among others, have beennoticed and reported for the users of electronic devices. The origin ofthese undesirable effects have been associated to disturbed circadianrhythms, which is mostly affected by the blue light fraction emittedfrom these devices. Also, many smartphones may use white LEDs, whileothers may use OLEDs as a backlight. Regardless of what type of deviceit is—laptop, tablet, cell phone, TV screen, camera, or video game—allof these products have a significant emission peak in 450-500 nm.Moreover, the statistics shows that people spend in average 9 hours infront of some kind of screen/display during the day which emits theselight wavelengths.

While certain embodiments and formulations refer to the ability to blockor absorb some percentage of HEV light, the compositions may also beeffective against the harmful effects of IR radiation. It is known thatIR light can also generate ROS in the skin, which may result from theheating effects from the IR radiation. The compositions described hereincan also be used to reduce the ROS generated by the IR portion of theincident light (if any) due to the existence of oils, extracts,antioxidants and other components in the compositions.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein may be addedtopically to cells. For example, the compositions can be applied toexternal animal cells, e.g., external mammalian cells, such as, forexample, the dermis, nails, hair, fur and other external cells ofmammals which can be exposed to visible light. While the efficacy ofcertain illustrative formulations are tested below using fish embryos,other studies have shown that results obtained from fish embryo testingare similar to results obtained from human cell testing. See, forexample, Wenjau Lee et al Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 108(2014) 187-194 and Takako YASUDA et al J. Radiat. Res., 47, 295-303(2006).

The compositions described herein can be particularly effective atabsorbing HEV light when applied to the skin, hair or nails of animalsincluding mammals and non-mammals. For example, the compositions may beapplied to those mammals in the genera Afrosoricida, Artiodactyla,Carnivora, Cetacea, Chiroptera, Cingulata, Dasyuromorphia, Dermoptera,Didelphimorphia, Diprotodontia, Eulipotyphla, Hyracoidea, Lagomorpha,Macroscelidea, Microbiotheria, Monotremata, Notoryctemorphia,Paucituberculata, Peramelemorphia, Perissodactyla, Pholidota, Pilosa,Primates such as Homo, Proboscidea, Rodentia, Scandentia, Sirenia, andTubulidentata. In certain instances, the compositions may beparticularly desirable for use on the hair, skin and nails of humanspecies, equine species, canine species, porcine species, bovinespecies, feline species and other animals commonly found in zoologicalsettings or encountered in veterinary practices, e.g., dogs, cats,horses, cattle, pigs, rodents, etc.

In certain examples, the skin is the largest organ of the body, and itsmain role is to act as a barrier and protect the internal organs againstthe deleterious effects of various harmful substances, predominantlyenvironmental pollutants and solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UVradiation has been proven to be harmful for humans and animals. The skinis made up of several different layers, each with particular propertiesand function. The major layers are the epidermis and the dermis. Thedominant cell type of the epidermis is the keratinocytes, which accountfor more than 90% of the cells in the epidermal layer. Among the manyenvironmental factors, the exposure of the skin to solar radiation is akey factor in the initiation of various skin disorders, such aswrinkling, hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, as well as skincancer. Statistically, the average annual UV dose that an averageAmerican receives in a year is about 2.5-3.3 J/cm² with an additionalexposure of about 0.8 J/cm² during a vacation period. Sunlight is amajor source of UV radiation, which consists of: long-wave UVA (320-400nm), mid-wave UVB (290-320 nm), and short-wave UVC (200-290 nm). The UVspectrum which reaches the surface of the Earth consists ofapproximately 5% UVB and 95% UVA. Most of the UVC fraction of solar UVspectrum is blocked by the Earth's stratospheric ozone layer. However,the UV fraction from the sun constitutes only 5% of the electromagneticspectrum that reaches the Earth's surface, while about 50% of the solarradiation reaching the Earth is the visible light. Shorter wavelengthvisible light (violet, indigo, blue) is the most energetic part of thevisible portion and the most detrimental for the skin, hair and nails.This light can result in photoaging, generation of reactive oxygenspecies or reactive nitrogen species, oxidative damage and potentiallyimmune suppression and nucleic acid damage. UVA radiation can penetratedeeper into the epidermis and dermis of the skin compared to the UVBradiation. Extensive exposure of the skin to UVA can lead to benigntumor formation. In particular, exposure of the skin to UVA induces thegeneration of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl free radicals, which can causedamage to cellular macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA.UVA-induced oxidative stress can enhance the process of photo-aging inthe form of skin sagging and wrinkling and also can suppress someimmunological functions. UVB radiations are mutagenic and carcinogenicin nature and are responsible for a variety of skin diseases. UVBradiation can penetrate inside the epidermis of the skin and can induceoxidative stress, immunosuppression, DNA damage, premature aging of theskin and skin cancers including the melanoma and non-melanoma.

Skin cancer, including melanoma and non-melanoma, represents a majorpublic health problem as the incidence of skin cancer is equivalent tothe incidence of cancers in all other organs combined. The chronicexposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a majoretiologic factor for initiation of skin cancers. Skin cancers are by farthe most common malignancy of humans, particularly in the whitepopulation, with over a million cases detected each year. Skin cancersare named according to the cell from which they arise and the clinicalbehavior. The three commonest types are basal cell carcinomas (BCCs),and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (both also referred asnon-melanocytic skin cancers—NMSC) and cutaneous malignant melanomas(CMs) (also known as malignant melanoma of the skin or melanoma). U.S.estimates consider that approximately 1 in 5 Americans will develop skincancer. They account for nearly 15 thousand deaths and more than threebillion dollars per year in medical costs in the U.S.A. [M. C. F. Simoeset al., Skin cancer and new treatment perspectives: A review, CancerLetters, 2014].

A widely accepted action of UVA radiation is production of reactiveoxygen and nitrogen species (radicals) resulting in damage to DNA,lipids and proteins. In particular, exposure to UV irradiation due toenergy absorption of UV photons and consequent generation of reactiveoxygen species (ROS) lead to alterations of skin cells, which contributeto clinical manifestations such as wrinkle formation, laxity, leatheryappearance, fragility, impaired wound healing and higher vulnerability.

The light effects on the skin are largely dependent on the type of light(i.e. the amount and intensity of light or total energy), and the stageat which the cells on the skin are in during their normal division andrenewal process. The light can produce a number of effects within thecell including specific types of DNA damage in skin cells and, withextreme high energy light exposure, cell death. Some of these types ofoxidative DNA and nucleotide damage, and failure of the cells to repairthis damage can prompt cells to mutate, leading to the development ofskin cancers. Also, Sun exposure that doesn't result in burning maystill damage the skin cells. Research suggests that regular exposure toUV radiation year after year can also lead to skin cancer.

The exposure to sunlight leads to a series of biochemical events. As aprimary reaction, light of an appropriate wavelength interacts with asuitable chromophore(s) in the skin. Many chromophores capable ofabsorbing UV light in the skin exist, but DNA and urocanic acid havebeen identified as being biologically important; the first leading toUV-induced DNA mutations. Also, skin chromophores, e.g., melanin,riboflavin, bilirubin, protoporphyrin IX, oxyhemoglobin, etc., existwhich absorb light in the violet-blue visible part of the spectrum. Thechromophore upon exposure may be directly damaged or might act as aphotosensitizer for subsequent reactions. Moreover, photo-oxidativeprocesses are initiated in the presence of oxygen which is found in alllight-exposed tissues.

In certain embodiments, exposure of the skin to visible light, e.g.,violet-blue visible light, can also have very similar effects on theskin like the effects caused by UVA radiation [M. M. Kleinpenning etal., Clinical and histological effects of blue light on normal skin,Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 26, 16-21, 2010].Violet-blue light (400-500 nm), in particular, penetrates deeper thanUVA through the dermis into the sub-dermis, the follicles of the scalp,the circulation vessels and the lymphatic vessels. For instance, lightwith wavelength of 400 nm penetrates 250 μm in the skin compared to 100μm skin penetration by UV light at 300 nm. 50% of skin aging has beenattributed to the effects of visible light. Violet-blue light part ofthe solar spectrum promotes the DNA damage via free radical and reactiveoxygen species, displays toxic effects and can induce cellulardysfunction and cell death. This light also promotes degradation ofcollagen and elastin resulting in the formation of glycation wrinklesand advances premature aging. It also generates uneven pigmentationthrough lipid peroxidation forming lipofuscin age spots.

For example, the visible blue light spectrum ranges from 400 nm to 475nm, peaking at 420 nm. Various biological effects have been shown to beexerted by visible light wavelengths (400-700 nm), including erythema,pigmentation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Due to thesequential position along the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) spectrum,blue light (400-475 nm) biological effects could be theoreticallycompared to the UVA ones. [G. Monfrecola et al., The effect of visibleblue light on the differentiation of dendritic cells in vitro, Biochimie101 (2014) 252-255].

Visible light was found to be genotoxic on human keratinocytes and CHOcells through oxidative stress mechanisms similar to the ones induced byUVA radiation. The level of DNA breakage induced by visible light was50% of the one generated by UVA/visible irradiation. However, UVAradiations were 10 times more effective than visible radiations toproduce DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). [C. Botta et al., Genotoxicityof visible light (400-800 nm) and photoprotection assessment of ectoin,L-ergothioneine and mannitol and four sunscreens, Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 91 (2008) 24-34]. Solarradiation gives rise to DNA damage in mammalian cells not only directlyby excitation of DNA, which generates predominantly pyrimidine dimers,but also indirectly by the excitation of endogenous photosensitizers,which causes oxidative DNA modifications. These results indicate thatoxidative damage generated by endogenous photosensitizers in mammaliancells is genotoxic. The relative contribution of this type of damage tothe adverse effects of solar radiation could be significant for repeatedirradiations at low doses, in deeper layers of the skin and in cellsdefective in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. [S. Hoffmann-D″orr etal., Visible light (>395 nm) causes micronuclei formation in mammaliancells without generation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, MutationResearch 572 (2005) 142-149].

In contrast to ultraviolet and infrared irradiation, which are known tofacilitate cutaneous photoaging, immunosuppression, or tumor emergencedue to formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species,potentially similar effects of visible light on the human skin are stillpoorly characterized. The dose-dependent significant degradation ofcarotenoids was measured to be 13.5% and 21.2% directly afterirradiation at 50 J/cm2 and 100 J/cm2. The degradation of cutaneouscarotenoids indirectly shows the amount of generated free radicals andespecially reactive oxygen species in human skin. In all volunteers thecutaneous carotenoid concentration dropped down in a manner similar tothat caused by the infrared or ultraviolet irradiations, leading to theconclusion that also blue-violet light at high doses could represent acomparably adverse factor for human skin. This study demonstrated thatvisible blue-violet light also induces free radicals in human skin invivo. [S. Vandersee et al. Blue-Violet Light Irradiation DoseDependently Decreases Carotenoids in Human Skin, Which Indicates theGeneration of Free Radicals, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2015, Article ID 579675].

Energy from the shorter-wavelength UVB is absorbed in greater amounts bythe epidermis and by keratinocyte DNA, compared with the energy fromUVA, which penetrates more deeply into the dermal layers of the skin.Visible and IR light wavelengths penetrate deep into the dermis and havebeen thought to, following absorption, only produce heat. In contrast tothe extensive research on the damaging effect of UV, few studies havelooked at the effects of visible light on skin. Daily skin exposure tosolar radiation causes cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS),which are a primary factor in skin damage. Irradiation of human skinequivalents with visible light induced production of ROS,pro-inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1expression. It was found in this study that antioxidants reduce the ROS,cytokine, and MMP production induced by visible light. A 50 J/cm2 doseat 150 mW/cm2 of visible light was able to significantly increase theamount of free radicals by 85.8% over baseline measurements. Theaddition of antioxidants to the sunscreen was able to significantlyreduce the free radicals by 54%. These results are consistent with thein vitro ROS results and clearly demonstrate that visible light exposureinduces free-radical production in the skin. The findings suggest thatother portions of the solar spectrum aside from UV, particularly visiblelight, may also contribute to signs of premature photoaging in skin.Thus, even though visible light photons are less energetic than UVphotons, due to the deeper dermal penetration visible light may stillhave a substantial effect on skin. Taken together, these resultsdemonstrate that visible light exposure can induce ROS, which can leadto the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in the skin,similar to the effects of UV, and therefore visible light may contributeto the signs of premature aging in the skin. [F. Liebel et al.,Irradiation of Skin with Visible Light Induces Reactive Oxygen Speciesand Matrix-Degrading Enzymes, Journal of Investigative Dermatology(2012) 132, 1901-1907]

Irradiation of skin cells with visible light, in doses comparable to15-90 min of sunlight exposure, elicited a skin response similar to thatinduced by UV radiation, i.e., inflammation, ROS production, and therelease of matrix-degrading enzymes. 8-oxo-guanosin formation was foundby Kielbassa et al. after irradiation of Chinese hamster cells withvisible light. Maximum DNA damage occurred between 400 and 450 nm. Moreresearch is needed to investigate the exact contribution of visiblelight to DNA damage as most of the earlier studies were carried out withmixtures of UV and visible radiation. [L. Kolbe, How Much Sun ProtectionIs Needed?: Are We on the Way To Full-Spectrum Protection?, The Journalof Investigative Dermatology (2012), Volume 132, 1756-1757]

The damage of human skin by solar radiation is not caused by UV lightonly. One study found that irradiation with blue light (410, 420 nm) ledto intracellular oxidative stress and toxic effects in a dose andwavelength dependent manner. No toxicity was observed using light at 453nm and 480 nm. Furthermore, blue light (410, 420, 453 nm) at low dosesreduced the anti-oxidative capacity of fibroblasts. At non-toxic doses,irradiations at 410, 420 and 453 nm reduced proliferation indicating ahigher susceptibility of proliferating fibroblasts to blue light. Theresults showed that blue light at different wavelengths may inducevarying degrees of intracellular oxidative stress with differentphysiological outcome, which could contribute to premature skinphotoaging. A significant increase of intracellular oxidants in bluelight exposed cells was observed with 410 nm and 420 nm in comparison tothe control, whereas irradiation with 453 nm and 480 nm showed nosignificant effect. Blue light induced cell toxicity at 410 nm and 420nm is partly caused by generation of singlet oxygen. [C. Opländer etal., Effects of blue light irradiation on human dermal fibroblasts,Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 103 (2011)118-125].

To induce biological activity, light must be absorbed by certainmolecules (photoacceptors), transforming them to an excited state; themolecules then affect secondary targets inside the cell, transducing thelight signal into a molecular Response. In addition, it has been shownthat UVA light is capable of releasing bioactive nitric oxide (NO) fromnitrite and nitrosated proteins found in high concentrations in thehuman skin, which makes these classes of molecules photoacceptors aswell. Irradiation with wavelengths of 412, 419, and 426 nm at highfluences (66-100 J/cm2) and 453 nm wavelength at very high fluences(4500 J/cm2) was found to be cytotoxic for skin-derived endothelialcells, as well as keratinocytes. The shorter the wavelength, the moreharm on living cells was observed. Also, the endothelial cells sufferedin a greater extent than the keratinocytes. [J. Liebmann et al.,Blue-Light Irradiation Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation inHuman Skin Cells, Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2010) 130,259-269]

Experimental evidence suggests that the creation of free radicals—mainlyreactive oxygen species (ROS)—is the common photobiological answer tothe skin-sunlight interaction. The free radical action spectrum(wavelength dependency) for ultraviolet and visible light (280-700 nm)has been determined by quantitative ESR spectroscopy. Visible lightproduces around 50% of the total oxidative stress caused by sunlight.Reactive species like *O, *OH and *CHR are generated by visible light.The amount of ROS correlates with the visible light intensity(illuminance). It was also demonstrated the creation of excess freeradicals by near-infrared light (NIR, 700-1600 nm). Free radicalgeneration does not depend exclusively on the NIR irradiance, but alsoon the NIR initiated skin temperature increase. The temperaturedependence follows the physiological fever curve. The results indicatethat the complex biological system skin creates the same type of freeradicals over the entire active solar spectrum. This general responsewill make it possible to define the beneficial or deleterious action ofsunlight on human skin by introduction of a free radical thresholdvalue. [L. Zastrow et al., UV, visible and infrared light. Whichwavelengths produce oxidative stress in human skin?, Hautarzt, 2009April; 60(4):310-317].

The recent European recommendation on the efficacy of sunscreen productsrequests now a minimum ratio of UVA/UVB protection. However, the visibleand the infrared (IR) parts of the sun spectrum have received littleattention concerning their possible contribution to skin damage. Acommon biophysical answer for the different wavelengths of the sunspectrum can be found in the creation of excess free radicals—mainlyreactive oxygen species (ROS). Thanks to electron spin resonancespectroscopy applied to skin biopsies, it was determined for the firsttime the free radical action spectrum covering UV and visible light(280-700 nm). Convolution of the action spectrum with sunlight spectralirradiance showed that 50% of the total skin oxidative burden wasgenerated by visible light. Creation of ROS by visible light wasexperimentally confirmed by varying the illuminance of a spotlight. Itwas also evidenced the creation of excess free radicals by near-IRradiation. In that case, free radical generation does not dependexclusively on the dose, but also on the skin temperature increaseinitiated by near-IR light. Some phenomena which are still unclear, suchas the question about the deleterious or beneficial role of sunlight,are reviewed, implying the research on new protection strategies for theprevention of skin cancer. [L. Zastrow et al., The missinglink—light-induced (280-1,600 nm) free radical formation in human skin,Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2009; 22(1): 31-44].

Visible light can induce cellular dysfunction and cell death both invitro and in vivo. The violet-blue region (400-500 nm) of the visiblespectrum is likely to be particularly important because it has arelatively high energy, can penetrate tissue(s), and is associated withthe occurrence of malignant melanoma in animal models. Irradiation ofmammalian cells with visible light induces cellular damage primarily viareactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS such as the hydroxyl radical,superoxide anion, and singlet oxygen can be produced when visible lightexcites cellular photosensitizers. The interaction of these chromophoreswith light can generate ROS, which in turn can damage lipids, proteins,and DNA. Exposure of lipofuscin-containing cells to visible light causedan increase in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA lesions compared withnon-pigmented cells. We conclude that visible light can cause celldysfunction through the action of reactive oxygen species on DNA andthat this may contribute to cellular aging, age-related pathologies, andtumorigenesis. Our results demonstrate that exposure of non-pigmentedepithelial cells to blue light causes mitochondrial dysfunction andmtDNA damage and that such effects are mediated by the action ofreactive oxygen species. We have further identified that the ROSprimarily responsible for blue light-induced mtDNA damage is thesuperoxide radical [B. F. Godley et al., Blue Light InducesMitochondrial DNA Damage and Free Radical Production in EpithelialCells, THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 280, No. 22, Issue ofJune 3, pp. 21061-21066, 2005].

Radical production by UV (wavelengths >400 nm) and visible components(>400 nm) was −67% and 33% respectively. Radical protection by a fourstar-rated sunscreen (with UVA protection) was optimal when applied as athin film, but less so when rubbed into the skin, possibly due to creamfilling crevices, which reduced film thickness. Visible lightcontribution to radical production, and loss of protection whensunscreen is rubbed into skin, has implications for sunscreen design anduse for the prevention of free-radical damage. [R. Haywood, Relevance ofSunscreen Application Method, Visible Light and Sunlight Intensity toFree-radical Protection: A Study of ex vivo Human Skin, Photochemistryand Photobiology, 2006, 82: 1123-1131].

Every day, during the day and evening hours, indoors and outdoors, theskin, hair and fur of people and pets are exposed to the danger of thenatural and artificial light and are not properly protected. While thewindows in residential and office buildings, as well as windshields andside windows in vehicles, partially protect from UV rays, they do notprotect from energetic violet-blue portion of the light spectrum. Evenstaying indoors, humans and pets are not protected from the energeticvisible light portion from the sun, which is passing through thewindows, as well as from the light coming from certain light sources,such as CFLs and LEDs. Moreover, light emitted from the electronicdevices' screens and displays is adding more violet-blue light exposureto our skin, especially to faces and hands.

The cosmetic industry has developed a variety of skin-, hair- andnail-care products claiming to protect from UVB or UVA or both UVportions. Some of the current commercially-available “broad-band”sunscreens claiming to block UVB and UVA light are combining variouschemicals to provide the broad spectral coverage. Besides the fact thatit was known much earlier that UVA light is the problem, it was notuntil 2011 that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued newguidelines mandating that a sunscreen must filter both UVA and UVBradiation in order for manufacturers to put a SPF (sun protectionfactor) rating on their labels. The newer formulated sunscreens aretermed “broad spectrum,” as they are now required to filter both UVB andUVA solar rays.

SPF itself is a measurement of sunscreen's effectiveness against UVBrays only and is not related to UVA rays in any way. Moreover, as SPFincreases, e.g. above 30, the UVB protection increases insignificantly.Even today, many sunscreens do not protect from UVA rays. But even thosewhich claim that they do protect from UVA—they only protect fromshort-wave UVA and do not provide protection from the long-wave UVAwaves. As mentioned in the text above, UVA is causing significant issuesin the skin, most of them leading to premature skin aging, DNA damageetc. Even when a given sunscreen blocks the whole UVA+UVB spectralrange, which represents only 5% of the solar radiation, the skin is notprotected from the remaining 95% of the Sun light. And the most damagingeffects from these 95% are coming from the higher energy violet-bluevisible light in the spectrum.

Regarding the current sunscreen compositions, they are made of multiplecomponents. Since each chemical in the sunscreen covers only a specificportion of the electromagnetic spectrum, several chemicals must becombined to provide UVA and UVB to be filtered. This combining chemicalscreates diverse problems and reports on the stability of thesecombinations under Sun are contradictory. Ironically, there are reportsthat many sunscreen ingredients degrade under the Sun, sometimes in amatter of minutes or hours, and then let the UV radiation penetratesthrough to the skin. FDA has not proposed requirements for sunscreenstability yet.

Currently, the newer sunscreen formulations use ZnO and TiO2nanoparticles as physical blockers of UV light. The absorbance spectraof these sunscreens containing physical UV blockers are shown in FIG. 2A[T. G. Smijs and S. Pavel: Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticlesin sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness, Nanotechnology,Science and Applications, 2011:4 95-112]. Also, chemical UV blockers areused in sunscreens. The absorption spectrum of such chemical UV blockeris shown in FIG. 2B [Fourtanier et al.: Sunscreens containing thebroad-spectrum UVA absorber, Mexoryl SX, prevent the cutaneousdetrimental effects of UV exposure: a review of clinical study results,Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 24, 164-174, 2008]. Ascan be seen from FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, conventional sunscreens havelittle or no absorption at wavelengths larger than 380 nm. There is alsoan increased concern that these sunscreen nanoparticles can be absorbedby the skin and harm the living skin tissues, or can even penetratedeeper in the body. Many contradictory reports regarding this issue canbe found in literature. The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) has recently classified TiO2 as an IARC group 2B carcinogen,possibly carcinogenic to humans. The IARC conclusions are based onevidence showing that high concentrations of pigment-grade and ultrafineTiO2 dust cause respiratory tract cancer in rats. ZnO, on the otherhand, is by the FDA “generally recognized as safe” when used as a UVfilter. Although both the US Environmental Protection Agency and theEuropean Community have taken actions to manage nanoparticle risks,there are still no official safety regulations for using nanoparticlesin particular. For instance, it has been reported TiO2 nanoparticlescreate cellular damage due to the impairment of cell function, as thenanoparticles can cause decreased cell proliferation, decreasedmobility, decreased ability to contract collagen, can create oxidativestress, reduce glutathione and increase hydroperoxide levels, killepidural cells, cross both cell and nuclear membranes, damage DNA anddisrupt normal cell division, cross the protective blood-brain barrier,create reactive oxygen species (ROS) that result in brain neuron death,etc.

To-date, there is no skin, hair or nail product that protects from thevisible light in 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm spectral range. TheFDA has approved sunscreen lotions recommended as broad-band (UVA+UVBprotection), but there is no any protection from the energetic visiblelight portion. Therefore, there is a need for a protection in a form ofcream, lotion, spray oil and so on, that can be applied easily on thehair, skin and nails and shield them from the harmful violet-bluevisible light to which humans and pets are exposed indoors and outdoors.

Many types of free radicals exist, but oxygen-derived radicals, known asReactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are the most concerning for the skin, andthe health, in general. ROS are chemically-reactive molecules derivedfrom oxygen and include superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and non-radicalspecies (e.g. hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen).

ROS are generated as secondary products of cellular metabolism, as wellas due to induced oxidative stress by external factors, such as solarradiation, pollutants, smoke, etc. ROS can readily react with manymolecules including biomolecules, starting a chain reaction of freeradical formation. In fact, ROS attack the vital biological molecules,such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. They cause proteins to link togetherto make skin leathery and they deplete the collagen that makes skinsmooth and supple. The damage caused results in wrinkling, age spots,and cancer. A subtraction of a hydrogen atom from a macromolecule, viz.an enzyme, a protein, DNA or a lipid, forming as a result, a new freeradical, which will lead to radical intermediate compounds with hightoxicity.

The intrinsic aging of skin and other organs suffer from increasedoxidative stress by accumulated ROS. Intracellular ROS can be eliminatedby multiple antioxidant systems. When there is an overproduction of freeradicals (ROS) and cells are not able to neutralize them by their ownantioxidant mechanisms, then oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stressis thought to be involved in the aetiology of a wide variety ofdiseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerativediseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and in aging.

Oxidative stress in the skin plays a major role in the aging process.This is true for intrinsic aging and even more for extrinsic aging.Although the results are quite different in dermis and epidermis,extrinsic aging is driven to a large extent by oxidative stress causedby Sun UV irradiation, and in the past several years, more and morescientific evidence is suggesting that HEV light is a significantcontributor to the oxidative stress, as well.

An imbalance between ROS and the skin's own antioxidant protectionmechanisms leads to oxidation of macromolecules, including DNA, lipids,and proteins, resulting in loss of structural and/or functionalintegrity of key components of the epidermal barrier. It has been shown,in fact, that photoaged skin exhibits high levels of different markersof oxidative stress, including the accumulation of lipid peroxides,glycation end-products, and oxidized proteins.

As one ages, the protective antioxidants found in the different layersof the skin are greatly reduced, leading to pathological effects in theupper and lower layers of the skin. Cross-linked or glycated proteinsare classic characteristics of skin aging. Cross-linked proteins in theskin result in stiffening, wrinkling, and the unsightly leatheryappearance of the skin with age. The cross-linking of the proteinsoccurs because of oxidation of some of the amino acids in susceptibleproteins such as collagens and elastins. In extreme cases, direct andindirect DNA damage occurs. This oxidation can be prevented (or reduced)by antioxidants, leading to reduced cross-linked protein formation inaged skin.

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production ofreactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of a biological system toeliminate ROS or repair the resulting damage. An imbalance between ROSand the skin's own antioxidant protection mechanisms leads to oxidationof macromolecules, including DNA, lipids, and proteins, resulting inloss of structural and/or functional integrity of key components of theepidermal barrier. It has been shown, in fact, that photoaged skinexhibits high levels of different markers of oxidative stress, includingthe accumulation of lipid peroxides, glycation end-products, andoxidized proteins.

Human skin is equipped with an array of antioxidants and enzyme systemsto protect the cells from damaging effects of ROS including, but notlimited to, vitamin C, glutathione, lipoic acid, vitamin E, uric acid,carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase,glutathione-S-peroxidase, etc. Antioxidant molecules such as vitamin A,vitamin C, and vitamin E slow the process of aging either by preventingfree radicals from oxidizing sensitive biological molecules or byreducing the formation of free radicals and quenching the already formedROS. In addition, enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase,and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesizing enzymes protect the tissues fromfree radicals. However, the levels of these antioxidants, as well asantioxidant enzymes, are reduced by age and various environmentalstresses, such as Sun exposure, pollutants, smoke, etc.

Endogenous nonenzymatic antioxidants include hydrophobic antioxidants,such as Vitamins A and E that protect the membranes from free radicalattack and hydrophilic antioxidants, such as Vitamin C that interactswith free radicals and neutralizes them. Endogenous enzymaticantioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase andglutathione peroxidase.

Exogenous antioxidants can be introduced topically or via diet tomitigate and/or suppress the damage caused by ROS and can be used tocomplement the endogenous protection against skin damage. Theseantioxidants (AOs) can be classified as primary and secondary AO.Primary or free radical scavenging antioxidants inhibit oxidation viachain terminating reactions. Examples of primary antioxidant moleculesinclude GSH, vitamin E, and vitamin C. GSH and ascorbic acid arewater-soluble antioxidants, whereas vitamin E is membrane-bound andcapable of intercepting free radical-mediated chain reactions. They canalso regenerate one another, thereby providing synergistic combinations(e.g. vitamin C and vitamin E) when applied topically. Secondaryantioxidants are often used in combination with primary antioxidants toyield synergistic stabilization effects. They can regenerate the primaryantioxidants and protect them from degradation. In human skin lipoicacid, which is an essential cofactor for many enzyme complexes, can beconsidered as a secondary antioxidant. With age and environmentalinfluences, the skin's endogenous anti-oxidative system weakens and theproduction of ROS increases. A study of photoaged skin has shown asignificant depletion of antioxidant enzyme expression within thestratum corneum and in the epidermis. An excess of free radicals willperturb cellular metabolism, affect biological macromolecules directlyand lead to cell damage, functional impairment, necrosis or apoptosis.Visible signs of such oxidative damage are numerous skin disorders,immunosuppression, premature aging of the skin and development ofmelanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers.

Well characterized antioxidants that may be useful in the treatment ofskin conditions, either cosmetically or therapeutically, include vitaminE, ferulic acid, coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), lycopene, curcumin, vitaminC (ascorbic acid), glutathione, green tea, silymarin, resveratrol, grapeseeds extract, alpha lipoic acid, genistein and melatonin. Otherantioxidants include extracts or pure compounds of coffee, Polypodiumleucotomes, pomegranate, pycnogenol, dehydroepiandrosterone, selenium,quercetin and rosemarinic acid.

Harman's free radical theory of aging (given in 1956) provides muchsupport for ROS, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxylradicals, playing a role in the initiation and progression of the agingprocess. Therefore, it is well-established that oxidative stress in skinplays a major role in the aging process. This is true for intrinsicaging and even more due to extrinsic aging. Although the results arequite different in dermis and epidermis, extrinsic aging is driven to alarge extent by oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation, and in mostrecent decade, there is an evidence that HEV light can cause oxidativestress and consequences associated with it in similar manner as the UVAradiation.

Intrinsic aging is described as a result of genetic factors and changesthat occur during the normal aging process, whereas extrinsic agingfocuses on aging process accelerated by environmental influences. It wasproposed that only 3% of all aging factors have a genetic background.Aging leads to a thinning of epidermal as well as dermal skin layers.The skin also loses sensibility due to decreased number ofnerve-endings. In addition, the skin gets dryer and gradually loses thefunction to serve as a first barrier against the environment. Incontrast, extrinsic aging caused thicker and completely changes itscomposition. Extrinsic aging is synonymous with photoaging as UV- andHEV-radiation have severe consequences for the exposed skin. However,there are many more environmental factors influencing skin aging, suchas pollutants, smoking, chemicals, etc.

In response to the attack of ROS, the skin has developed a complexantioxidant defense system including, among others, themanganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). MnSOD is the mitochondrialenzyme that disposes of superoxide generated by respiratory chainactivity. Importantly, an accumulation of oxidatively modified proteinswas found specifically within the upper dermis of photoaged skin. Uponacute ultraviolet exposure, depleted catalase expression and increasedprotein oxidation was reported. Not all skin cells are exposed to thesame level of oxidative stress. Superoxide anion levels are much higherin keratinocytes, and keratinocytes display much higher lipidperoxidation level and a lower reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathioneratio. Destruction of collagen is another hallmark of photoaging. Themajor enzyme responsible for collagen 1 digestion is matrixmetallo-proteinase-1 (MMP-1). Skin fibroblasts produce MMP-1 in responseto UVB irradiation, and keratinocytes play a major role through anindirect mechanism involving the release of epidermal cytokine after UVBexposure. Furthermore, oxidative stress induces a cellular redoximbalance which has been found to be present in various cancer cellscompared with normal cells; the redox imbalance thus may be related tooncogenic stimulation. DNA mutation is a critical step in carcinogenesisand elevated levels of oxidative DNA lesions (8-OH-G) have been noted invarious tumors, strongly implicating such damage in the etiology ofcancer. It appears that the DNA damage is predominantly linked with theinitiation process. The oxidative stress is a problem for the skin cellsand the body in general; endogenous as well as exogenous antioxidantscould play an important role in decreasing this stress. To protect themfrom oxidative stress, cells possess multiple anti-oxidative defensesystems. Among the enzymatic AOs, superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays acentral role in anti-oxidative system. There are three isozymes of SOD:the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is localized in thecytoplasm; the manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is distributed inthe mitochondrial matrix; and the extracellular superoxide dismutase(SOD3) is secreted in extracellular plasma. SOD1-deficiency led to skinatrophy associated with collagen malformation. One study withSOD1-deficient mice showed various aging phenotypes, such as age-relatedmacular degeneration, and skin atrophy accompanied by the degenerationof collagen and elastic fibers, which resembled the physiological agingin humans.

Vitamin E is the generic term for four tocopherols and fourtocotrienols. The family of four tocopherols are alpha, beta, gamma, anddelta tocopherol and four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma and delta).Normal human epidermis contains 87% alpha-tocopherol, 9%gamma-tocopherol, 3% gamma-tocotrienol and 1% alpha-tocotrienol. Naturalsources of vitamin E include vegetables, oils, seeds, nuts, soy, etc.Vitamin E has been used in the healing of wounds of skin,photoprotection such as sunburn, photocarcinogenesis,photoimmunoinhibition, and changes in the dermal matrix i.e. wrinkles.Alpha-tocopherol is quantitatively the most important vitamin E isoformand comprises the bulk of first line free radical defense in the lipidcompartment. It removes free radical intermediates and preventsoxidation reactions, by reacting with lipid radicals produced in thelipid peroxidation chain reaction.

Alpha-tocopherol is the name of the most active form of vitamin E inhuman. It reacts with fatty acid peroxyl radicals, the primary productsof lipid peroxidation, intercepting the chain reaction, and shows, invitro, pro-oxidative effects. Vitamin E benefits are due to theantioxidant properties: it helps to stabilize cell membranes andprotects the biological tissues which are more sensitive to oxidation.Vitamin E also protects the skin from deleterious effects due to itsexposure to exogeneous toxic agents such as pollutants, chemical andsunrays, preventing the propagation of free-radicals.

A series of studies investigating non-enzymatic stratum corneumantioxidants have demonstrated that vitamin E might be the dominantphysiological barrier antioxidant in human skin. There are differentbenefits of vitamin E on the skin including but not limited to reductionof stretch mark appearance, reduction of age spot appearance, reductionof trans-epidermal water loss, strengthening of the skin, etc., and thisis the main reason that it is very popular in numerous skin careproducts. In the field of skin care, there is a large body ofexperimental evidence pointing to vitamin E photoprotective effects. Akey function of vitamin E is deactivating free radicals with itsantioxidant properties. It provides one of its electrons to the electrondeficient free radical and makes it more stable. Both, the natural(alcohol form d-a-tocopherol) and the synthetic form (dl-tocopherolacetate), possess antioxidant activity, but the natural form of vitaminE is more readily and effectively absorbed by the skin. The syntheticone does not penetrate the skin's surface well and provides less of thebenefits of vitamin E such as antioxidant activity for the skin.

Moreover, recent studies indicate that the use of vitamin E may providedermatological benefits that surpass the purpose of cosmetics and mayextend into an area that has been termed cosmeceuticals. It is knownthat vitamin E is used in the treatment of aging. In fact, vitamin Ehelps skin look younger by reducing the appearance of wrinkles and finelines whose appearance is a natural sign of aging. The antioxidantaction of alpha-tocopherol is due to its reaction with fatty acidperoxyl radicals, the primary products of lipid peroxidation tointerrupt the chain propagation reaction. The alpha-tocopherol reactionwith the peroxyl radical is faster than that of peroxyl radicals withany other compounds. Moreover, alpha-tocopherol removes the radicalcharacter from the oxidizing fatty acid preventing further radicalreactions and producing a stable radical (tocopheroxyl radical) that,under normal circumstances, it will react with another radical, atocopheroxyl radical or a fatty acid peroxyl radical, to form stablenon-radical products.

Vitamin C is a cofactor for several enzymes participating in thepost-translational hydroxylation of collagen, in the biosynthesis ofcarnitine, in the conversion of the neurotransmitter dopamine tonorepinephrine, in peptide amidation and in tyrosine metabolism. Theprolonged deprivation of vitamin C generates defects in thepost-translational modification of collagen that cause scurvy.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant acting as scavenger of thesuperoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and thesinglet oxygen. It contributes to the formation of skin barrier functionby enhancing epidermal differentiation. Vitamin C is also required forthe production of collagen fibers to maintain connective tissue in itsnormal state, as necessary for efficient wound healing. It is the mostknown for its role in preventing scurvy, and has anti-inflammatoryactivities, as well.

It plays a fundamental role in regenerating vitamin E from thetocopheryl radical, and promotes higher rates of collagen synthesis andcell proliferation in skin fibroblasts, as well as is required forefficient wound healing.

Vitamin C is capable of reducing DNA damage and erythema formation,which is attributed to the scavenging of reactive species generated as adirect or indirect result of exposure to UV radiation. Clinical studiesshowed that vitamin C increased the synthesis of collagen, reducedfacial wrinkles, increased the number of dermal papillae and improvedthe overall aspect of the skin. Vitamin C displays a skin lighteningeffect via the inhibition of tyrosinase activity in melanocytes. Theeffectiveness of topical application of vitamin C is limited due to itsreduced stability in aqueous solution and poor penetration of the skin.In recent years, different stable derivatives of ascorbic acid have beensynthesized and some have already been employed in a variety of cosmeticand pharmaceutical formulations. To improve stability and increase skinpermeation, vitamin C has been formulated in multiple emulsions andmicroemulsions or encapsulated in micro- and nano-particles.

However, the effectiveness of topical formulations incorporating vitaminC is mainly challenged by its intrinsic lack of stability and its poorpenetration of the skin. In recent years, this has prompted efforts toutilize novel delivery systems, as well as to use derivatives of vitaminC.

When vitamin C and vitamin E coexist in the system, they demonstratesynergistic effects. The proposed mechanism of action is that whenvitamin E intercepts a radical, thus forming a complexalpha-tocopheroxyl-radical, it can be reduced back to alpha-tocopherolby vitamin C or other agents, thus attenuating the propagation of freeradical reactions. Vitamin C prevents the pro-oxidant activity ofvitamin E by decreasing the activity of the tocopheroxyl radical toalpha-tocopherol, thereby contributing to increased total antioxidantstatus and reducing oxidative stress. Moreover, whilst vitamin Eprotects lipid structures including membranes, vitamin C actscomplimentary—protecting the aqueous environment. U.S. Pat. No.7,897,194B2 describes the synergistic effect of oil mixtures.

A wide variety of plant-derived polyphenols have been reported topossess substantial skin photoprotective effects. Polyphenolic compoundsinclude tannins (gallic acid esters of glucose and other sugars) andphenylpropanoids such as lignins, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Thelargest and best studied polyphenols are the flavonoids, which includeseveral thousand compounds, among them the flavonols, flavones,catechins, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. Polyphenolscan be found in many natural products including fruits, vegetables,nuts, seeds, flowers, and bark. Various studies confirm significantpolyphenols' anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-DNA damagingeffects. Most of the natural polyphenols are pigments, typically yellow,red or purple, and can absorb UV and partially visible light. Therefore,when applied topically, they can prevent penetration of these lightwavelengths into the skin. This ability of natural polyphenols to act assunscreens can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damagingeffects of UV radiation in the skin. Thus, the observed photoprotectiveeffects of topically-applied polyphenols are due in part to thissunscreen effect.

Proanthocyanidins are naturally occurring compounds that are widelyfound in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, flowers and bark. They are aclass of phenolic compounds that take the form of oligomers or polymersof polyhydroxy flavan-3-ol units, such as (+)-catechin and(−)-epicatechin. These compounds are mostly found in pine bark, grapeseed and red wines. However, bilberry, cranberry, black currant, greentea, black tea, and other plants also contain these flavonoids. Theseeds of the grape are particularly rich source of proanthocyanidins,which have been shown to be potent free radical scavengers, and to haveanti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activity in cutaneous system.Proanthocyanidins are found in the form of dimers, trimers, andpolymerized oligomers of monomeric catechins. Highly effectiveantioxidant carotenoids are capable of neutralizing singlet oxygen andperoxyradicals, frequently formed during photo-oxidative processes.Pheophytins showed strong antioxidant activity. They can preventoxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation both by reducing reactiveoxygen species, and by chelation of metal ions, such as Fe(II), whichcan form reactive oxygen species, as well.

In order to reduce the barrier capability of the stratum corneum,chemical enhancers, physical and electrical methods, can be employed.Chemical enhancers are substances that alter the skin barrier functionto permit a faster and better drug permeation through the skin. Manyenhancers, such as azone, DMSO, alcohols, fatty acids and terpenes, havebeen shown to increase permeability by disordering or fluidizing thelipid structure of the stratum corneum. Enhancer molecules can formmicrocavities within the lipid bilayers hence increasing the diffusionof the drug. In some cases, the enhancers can penetrate into and mixhomogeneously with the lipids.

In summary, the skin is an organ with high metabolic activity that ishighly exposed to oxidative stress risk due to ROS and sun radiation,and in the recent decades to harmful energy-efficient light sources andelectronic displays and screens. Such stress determines modifications ofcollagen and elastin and pigment accumulation typical of aging, aslipofuscin and ceroids that are formed due to the oxidativepolymerization of skin lipids. Besides the premature aging signs, thetumor risk is increased, as well. Moreover, in some cases of sensitiveskin types or aged skin or skin exposed to excess environmental insults,the skin's antioxidant defenses are not sufficient to protect againstprolonged exposure to Sun rays and other insults. For instance, 30 minof solar ray exposure reduces by 50-60% the skin alpha-tocopherolcontent. Thus, one reasonable strategy to prevent ROS-mediated damage tothe skin would be to support skin's antioxidant defense systems withexogenous antioxidants, as it is an objective of this invention. Besidesthe necessary essential fatty acid (EFA)-content, the presentcompositions are rich with cocktails of AOs exhibiting synergisticprotection against ROS. A combination of various AOs can show synergismand strengthen the individual antioxidant effects. The presence of onlyone antioxidant would be much less effective, and in high doses couldeven cause contrary effects of pro-oxidation. Proper types and ratios ofantioxidants in the skin will neutralize the ROS and protect the skinfrom photodamage.

The compositions described herein can be used in topically-appliedformulations, as well as some of them can be further developed to beused as supplements in the diet, i.e. nutricosmetics supplements(Nutricosmetics are nutritional supplements with purpose to support thefunction and the structure of the skin). Further, certain embodimentsdescribed herein are directed to compositions for skin, hair and nailprotection from the harmful visible light in the range 380-500 nm rangeor in the 400-500 nm. Various formulation described herein can protectskin, hair and nails from violet-blue light and may include one or moreessential oils, botanical seed oils, vegetable oils, fruit-, leave-,herb- and spice-oils, and others and various combinations thereof, whichare rich in saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids,various phenolic compounds, hydrocarbons, pigments, carotenoids,phospholipids, various forms of vitamin E (tocopherols), among the otheringredients. Some of these compounds, besides their violet-blue lightblocking (filtering) capability, can function as excellent anti-oxidant,anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agents. In certain instances, thecompositions may be effective to absorb substantially all light in the380-500 nm range or in the 400-500 nm range over an exposure period,e.g., up to about 4-6 hours. For example, the composition may absorbviolet-blue light throughout a period where the compositions remain onthe skin. While this period may vary depending on the user's activities,the period typically occurs immediately after application of thecompositions to the skin and may last up to the composition is absorbedor removed from the skin. In other instances, the compositions need notabsorb all the energy in the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range,but can instead reduce a person's exposure by absorbing some portion ofthe energy, e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% ofthe energy may be absorbed by the compositions.

In certain embodiments, the various components of the formulations maybe grouped according to their ability to absorb violet-blue light. Forexample and referring to FIG. 3 , various components of the formulationsare shown which are ranked on a three point scale with xxx providinggood protection, xx providing moderate protection and x providing weakprotection within a particular wavelength range. This same three pointscale is used in other figures described below. It may be desirable tocombine two, three, four, five or more of these components such thatsubstantial absorbance of light over the 380-500 nm range or 400-500 nmrange occurs. As noted in more detail below, various combinations mayalso provide anti-oxidant protection and can generally reduce of preventaccumulation of reactive oxygen species, radical, etc. within cells.

In certain embodiments, a particular group of oils which provide goodlight absorbance over 400-500 nm are shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 . Toprovide a formulation which provides protection over the wavelengthrange from 400-500 nm, it may be desirable to combine two or more ofthese oils into a single composition. For example, hemp oil providesgood absorption (xxx) from 400-440 nm, moderate absorption (xx) from440-500 nm and moderate protection below 400 nm, and rosehip oilprovides good absorption from 400-500 nm, especially around 460 nmrange. A composition can be produced comprising both hemp oil androsehip oil to provide protection from violet-blue light over the entire400-500 nm range. Even where a single oil may provide good protection byitself from 400-500 nm, it may be desirable to combine the single oilwith an additional oil or extract to increase the overall protectionagainst generation of reactive oxygen species, photoaging, etc.

Referring now to FIG. 6 , several components are shown which have goodprotection, e.g., high absorbance, in the 380-400 nm range but have weak(x) or moderate (xx) protection in the 400-440 nm range and noprotection in the 440-500 nm range. Any one or more of these oils can becombined with one of the materials from FIG. 5 to provide goodprotection from 380-500 nm range. As noted herein, conventionalsunscreen compositions do not absorb well or at all in the 380-400 nmrange.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein comprise atleast one oil or extract or combination selected from the groupconsisting of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), jojoba oil, sesame oil,flax seed (linseed) oil, safflower oil, lavender oil, geranium oil, aloevera juice and oil, sunflower oil, carrot seed oil, canola oil, palmkernel oil, coconut oil, walnut, almond, peanut and other nut oils,orange oil, lemon oil, pomace olive oil, apricot kernel (seed) oil,grape seed oil and extract, pomace grape seed oil, ylang-ylang oil,cactus fruit oil, sandalwood oil, rosewood oil, clary-sage oil,hydrangea oil, red clover oil, caper oil, soybean oil, clove oil, lilyoil, green tea extract and oil, chamomile oil, rose oil, lavandin oil,rosmarin oil, marjoram oil, tea tree oil, pumpkin seed oil, eucalyptusoil, cotton seed oil, corn oil, hemp seed, lanolin oil, sea weed oil,evening primrose oil, tomato seed oil, turmeric oil, ginseng oil, gingeroil, rice bran oil, red raspberry seed oil, black raspberry seed oil,black tea oil, argan oil, lemon grass oil, rosemary oil, rosehip oil,avocado oil, cape jasmine oil, cumin (black seed) oil, peppermint oil,spearmint oil, broccoli seed oil, marula oil, lavender oil, corianderoil, valerian oil, citrus oil, juniper oil, cypress oil, cinnamon barkoil, myrrh oil, cedarwood oil, Helichrysum oil, oregano oil and extract,chaga extract, thyme oil, marigold oil, poppyseed extract and oil,seabuckthorn seed oil and extract, seabuckthorn berry oil and extract,cacao extract, coffee extract, cranberry oil and extract, meadowfoamoil, acai berry oil, goji berry extract, castor oil, borage oil, milkthistle oil and extract, dandelion extract, sugar cane extract, ginkoextract, cucumber extract, calendula oil, berry seed extracts, rapeseedoil, Polypodium leucotomos extract, fernblock extract, beeswax, rheabutter, orange peel, etc. The particular oil and extract amounts in anyone composition can be selected to provide an absorption profile that iseffective over a particular frequency range. For example, where thecomposition is designed to absorb light in the 380-500 nm range or400-500 nm range, suitable amounts of two, three, four, five, six ormore oils or extracts or their mixtures can be combined such that adesired absorption profile from 400-500 nm is achieved. The compositioncan be designed solely of one oil as the major component and may also becombined with one or more “boosters” (FIG. 21 ) as noted in more detailbelow. The UV-visible absorbance spectra of selected oils are shown inFIGS. 5A-5X. In the figures, the absorbance spectra represent extravirgin olive oil (FIG. 5A), wheat germ oil (FIG. 5B), sunflower oil(FIG. 5C), flax seed oil, (FIG. 5D), rosehip oil (FIG. 5E), carrot seedoil (FIG. 5F), apricot seed oil (FIG. 5G), pumpkin seed oil (FIG. 5H),hemp oil (FIG. 5I), jojoba oil (FIG. 5J), argan oil (FIG. 5K), cranberryoil (FIG. 5L), broccoli seed oil (FIG. 5M), pomegranate oil (FIG. 5N),evening primrose oil (FIG. 5O), red raspberry oil (FIG. 5P), blackraspberry oil (FIG. 5Q), sea buckthorn oil (FIG. 5R), acai berry oil(FIG. 5S), cumin oil (FIG. 5T), marula oil (FIG. 5U), chia seed oil(FIG. 5V), shea butter (FIG. 5W) and bees wax (FIG. 5X). The oils andmaterials shown in FIGS. 5A-5X are referred to herein as “Group A” oils.As can be seen in these spectra, different Group A oils have peakabsorptions of light in the 380-500 nm range. In certain instances, atleast one of the Group A oils is present in the compositions describedherein. In other instances, at least two different Group A oils arepresent in the compositions described herein. Where two different GroupA oils are present, the oils selected desirably have different peakabsorption values to “flatten” out the overall absorbance curve andprovide for enhanced HEV protection. In some instances, at least threeof the Group A oils are present in the compositions described herein.Where three different Group A oils are present, the oils selecteddesirably each have different peak absorption values to “flatten” outthe overall absorbance curve provided by the combination of three oils.In some instances, the two or three Group A oils which are present areselected to provide at least 50% absorption of light (on average) overthe 380-500 nm range or over the 400-500 nm range. As noted below, oneor more boosters or enhancers can be used with the two or three Group Aoils to provide for enhanced HEV protection and/or one or more ofantioxidant protection, antiphotoaging protection or other desiredprotective effects.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseextra virgin olive oil (EVOO) by itself or in combination with one, twoor more other Group A oils. Where EVOO is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80% over the380-500 nm range or over the 400-500 nm range.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisewheat germ oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where wheat germ oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisesunflower oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where sunflower oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseflax seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where flax seed oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriserosehip oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where rosehip oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisecarrot seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where carrot seed oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseapricot seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where apricot seed oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisepumpkin seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where pumpkin seed oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisehemp oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more other Group Aoils. Where hemp oil is present by itself or in combination with one,two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisejojoba oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more other GroupA oils. Where jojoba oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseargan oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more other GroupA oils. Where argan oil is present by itself or in combination with one,two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisecranberry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where cranberry oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisebroccoli seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils. Where broccoli oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisepomegranate oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where pomegranate oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseevening primrose oil by itself or in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils. Where evening primrose oil is present by itself orin combination with one, two or more other Group A oils, thecompositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to providean average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise redraspberry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where red raspberry oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseblack raspberry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils. Where black raspberry oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise seabuckthorn oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where sea buckthorn oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseacai berry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where acai berry oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisecumin oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more other GroupA oils. Where cumin oil is present by itself or in combination with one,two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisemarula oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more other GroupA oils. Where marula oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisechia seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where chia seed oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseshea butter by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils. Where shea butter is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisebees wax by itself or in combination with one, two or more other Group Aoils. Where bees wax is present by itself or in combination with one,two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

Certain specific Group A oils and their beneficial properties aredescribed in more detail below. Plant and seed oils, botanical oils,essential oils and plant extracts are rich with variety of fatty acids(FAs), especially EFAs, vitamins, phenolics and other antioxidants(AOs). However, a single type of oil, seed or extract may or may notprovide the “perfect” combination of all the compounds with biologicallyimportant functions. Therefore, their mixing may be desired in the finalcomposition to provide a desired ratio of nutrients and “protectivecompounds” for the skin, and the body in general. Furthermore, usingmultiple types of AOs can result in super-potent AO-mixtures, wherecooperative effects (synergistic effects) have been observed.

When possible, cold-pressed oils are preferred for making thecompositions described herein. Cold pressing involves no thermal orchemical treatments and no refining. The cold-pressed oils can beproduced from grains (including seeds), fruit, nuts or germs.Cold-pressed oils are free from chemicals associated with the refiningprocessing and the oils contain most of the phytochemicals and naturalantioxidants, which sometimes are being destroyed or removed by thechemical treatment refining. The modern technology of producing theseoils through cold-pressing using nitrogen atmosphere or supercriticalcarbon dioxide extraction allows to retain the nutrients almost in anintact state, which is very important for some unstable antioxidantcompounds. Cold-pressed oils depending on the source can provide a widerange of bioactive substances, such as tocopherols and tocotrienols,free and esterified sterols, FAs, hydrocarbons (squalene), triterpenealcohols, carotenoids and chlorophylls.

Various specific Group A oils and combinations thereof based on thefollowing description can be produced which provide compositions forskin-, hair- and nail-protection exhibiting HEV light protection,anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging functionalities.

Sea buckthorn oil is rich in fatty acids, carotenoids, sterols, andvitamins A, C, E, D, K, minerals, fibers and proteins. It contains over190 valuable nutrients and phytonutrients. Particularly, sea buckthornseed oil consists of 90% unsaturated fatty acids, including omega 3, 6,7, and 9 EFAs; it's the only plant source that contains omega 3, 6, 9,and 7 FA. It's a rich source of the elusive essential fatty acid,omega-7—a rare EFA vital acid for collagen production and healthy skin,hair and nails. Omega-7, also known as palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7 or9-hexadecenic acid) is very close to human sebum, in chemical profile.The oil content in seeds of sea buckthorn is on average 7-11% while oilcontent of pulp is around 1.5-3%. Oils from sea buckthorn seeds and pulpdiffer considerably in fatty acid composition. While linoleic acid andα-linolenic acid are the major fatty acids in seed oil, sea buckthornpulp oil contains approximately 65% combined of the monounsaturatedfatty acid, palmitoleic acid, and the saturated fatty acid, palmiticacid. Particularly, linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids(18:3n-3) comprise about 70% of seed oil fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid(16:1n-7), practically absent in the seed oil, comprised 12-39% of oilin pulp/peel and 9-31% of that in the whole berries. Both oils alsocontain high amounts of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and plant sterols,while carotenoids are more present in pulp and berry oil. Sea buckthornoil is rich with variety of antioxidants, including: vitamin C in amount12 times higher content than that of an orange, vitamin E as much as thewheat germ oil, vitamin A in quantity of three times more than carrots,and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in amount of four times more thanginseng.

Alpha-Tocopherol is the major vitamin E compound in sea buckthorncounting for 70-80% of the total tocopherols and tocotrienols. Seed oilalso contains considerable amounts of gamma-tocopherol. The total amountof tocopherols and tocotrienols in seed oil is roughly 100-300 mg/100 gand in pulp oil 100-200 mg/100 g of oil.

Carotenoids, the pigments that give sea buckthorn berry its distinctivecolor, are present in high amounts, especially in the pulp oil. Thetotal content of carotenoids varies (300-2000 mg/100 g) greatly betweendifferent growth locations and subspecies. In general, the maincarotenoids present in pulp oil are Beta-carotene, zeaxanthin andlycopene. Total phenolic content is ca. 60-70%, among which flavonoids,such as quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, myricetin andproanthocyanidins are the most present.

Both seabuckthorn seed and pulp oil also contain considerable amounts ofplant sterols. Total sterol content is between 1.0-2.9%, andBeta-sitosterol is the major sterol compound throughout the berry whichconstitutes 57-83% of total sterols.

The synergistic effect of sea buckthorn's essential fatty acids,including Omega 3, 6, 9, and 7, as well as its vast array of vitamins A,C, E, K, minerals, and anti-oxidants, makes it an outstanding protectionfor the skin and appropriate to use for various health issues. It alsoprovides trace elements including iron, zinc, calcium, copper,manganese, selenium and iodine which are easy to absorb without anyhormones. All this coupled with very high absorption of seabuckthorn oilin the violet-blue spectral range makes it an ideal candidate in thisinvention. Therefore, seabuckthorn oil is a preferred oil in thisinvention—can be used alone or in combination with other plant or seedoils and extracts to shield the skin from harmful HEV light, whileproviding the necessary nutrients for the skin and body.

Extra virgin olive oil (Olea europaea) is olive oil (extra virgin oliveoil, EVOO) has protective action towards the skin, as well as apreventive activity towards aging and chronic degenerative diseases.This is due to its balanced fatty acid composition which has an idealratio between n-6 and the n-3 series (ca. 7:1), and its low saturatedand high monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1 n-9) content. In fact EVOOcontains: palmitic acid (C16:0) up to 20%, palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7)and stearic acid (C18:0) up-to 5% each, oleic acid (C18:1, n-9) 55-83%,linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) 3.5-21% and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3)up-to 1.5%. Its greatest health action however can be due to thenumerous minor components of notable biological value, such as vitaminE, polyphenols, carotenoids, triterpene hydrocarbons, phospholipids,phytosterols, and numerous aromatic compounds. Among them of mostinterest are phenolic compounds that, besides preventing peroxidativerisk, offer numerous other useful protections for the body. Among thephenolics found in EVOO are the following: phenolic acids: cinnamicacid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, gallic acid, lignansincluding pinoresinol and acetoxypinoresinol, flavones includingapigenin and luteolin, secoiridoids including oleoerupein and itsderivatives, phenolic alcohols, etc. Antioxidants in EVOO can beliposoluble or hydrosoluble, and therefore, can act both in lipophiliccompartments (biologic membrane and lipoproteins) and in hydrophiliccompartments (blood and tissues). EVOO is the only dietary and topical“fat” that has both liposoluble and hydrosoluble polyphenols. Olive oilcan be considered to be a perfect natural lubricant due to linoleicacid, which the human body doesn't produce and prevents water fromevaporating. The topical use of olive oil also can inhibit theneoplastic risk activating onco-suppressor protein p53. Among theantioxidants in EVOO of particular importance are: Vitamin E(alpha-tocopherol). Tocopherol contained in olive oil is of thealpha-form, the only form used by the body. EVOO contains 150-200 mg/lof a-tocopherol, with an optimum relationship with the PUFA present.Particularly, the ratio of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) to PUFA shouldnever be inferior to 0.5 and in olive oil it is 1.5. EVOO contains (evenif in limited amounts) some carotenoids that gives the oil a yellowishcolor. Among these are in particular Beta-carotene that protects theskin, lycopene and lutein, which are highly active against skinphoto-aging. Lutein has been found to act in synergy with lycopene.Phenolics are present in considerable quantities in EVOO. The mostbiologically important are hydroxytyrosol and oleoeuropein, both with ananti-inflammatory action that inhibits phospholipase A (that releasesAA), cyclo-oxygenase and lipo-oxygenase. Other phenolics present in alesser quantity are caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid,verbascoside and lignans.

Squalene is a component of sebum that has activity against solarradiation by filtering singlet oxygen. It is present in a high quantityin EVOO (400450 mg/100 g) and in lesser amounts in refined olive oil andseed oils. If consumed, it is distributed ubiquitously in all tissueswhere it acts as an anti-tumor agent, but the greatest concentration isfound in the skin where it integrates into the stratum corneum,reinforcing the structural equilibrium of the lipidic film necessary forthe skin barrier function.

In order to perform the above-mentioned protective activity againstoxygen singlets it therefore needs the simultaneous presence ofantioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol and polyphenols; exactly thesituation that is present in EVOO. The most important aspect of EVOO isthe presence of antioxidant agents. Exposure to solar radiationdetermines, in fact, a serious loss of antioxidant protection in theskin. In particular, it has been observed that after 30 minutes of UVexposure, the skin's alpha-tocopherol content is reduced by 50-60%.Topical application of alpha-tocopherol clearly reduces the damage.Overall, the antioxidants contained in olive oil may be present inrelatively low concentrations, but their activity is notably effectivedue to the synergistic action among the single components that increasethe anti-oxidative potential with respect to that observed when the samecomponents are tested singularly.

Besides the EVOO, there are commercial products which are actuallyisolated and concentrated active components derived from olive oil. Suchproduct is the Fitoderm™ Squalene which is high purity botanical lipidduplicate in molecular structure to human lipids and produced fromolives. Squalene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon (C30H50). It is found inhuman sebum at a level of 12% and it is believed that the sebum helpskeep the skin supple and moisturized and to form a protective coatagainst fungi and bacteria on the skin. Fitoderm™ Squalene has a definedmolecular structure and is an ideal emollient for skin care products,because it is present in nature and in human skin.

Other concentrated olive oil products are those offered by Natac, suchas Natac OLIOL with min. 16% Hydroxytyrosol, Natac OLIVE (dry extract)with 20% oleuropein (topical oleoeuropein has a potent antioxidantactivity by acting directly in the skin as a free radical scavenger) andNatac AllOlive with approx. 20% oleuropein, 10% Beta-sitosterol, 3%alpha-tocopherol, 3% hydroxytyrosol among others.

EVOO's protective action is linked to the antioxidant action of itsminor components (alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids, polyphenols) and to itsbalanced acidic composition which, besides an adequate amount oflinoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, has oleic acid resistant toperoxidative risk. EVOO, therefore, acts against skin aging and reducesthe risk of skin cancer. Therefore, it is a preferred active ingredientin the proposed formulations, used alone or in a combination with otheractive ingredients (oils, extracts, etc.).

In other instances, the Group A oil may comprise Chaga extracts whichcan be aqueous or oil based (FIG. 7A and FIG. 7C). Chaga mushroomextracts are isolated from Innotus obliquus mushroom. Among hundreds ofother phytochemicals and phytonutrients, chaga mushroom extractcontains: SOD (superoxide dismutase)—a powerful, super-antioxidantenzyme, Beta-glucans—healing polysaccharides that enhance immune systemresponse, variety of flavonoids—strong antioxidant compounds,B-vitamins—play an important role in cell metabolism, minerals—necessaryfor some vital metabolic enzymes, plant sterols—showing LDL cholesterollowering effects, melanin—needed for nourishment of the hair, skin andnails, betulin and betulinic acid—possess anti-viral, anti-inflammatoryand anti-cancer properties, germanium—improves tissue function andimmune function, superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a vital enzyme thatcatalyzes the breakdown of superoxide radicals, the most common anddestructive free radicals in the body, into components consisting ofoxygen and hydrogen peroxide. SOD also is neutralizing the resultingby-products of this process to protect cells and tissue from furtherdamage. High SOD levels have been associated with long life spans.Several studies on aging have found that animals that produce thehighest levels of SOD have the longest life spans. Normally SOD iscreated by the body, but by ages 25-30 the levels of enzymes needed tocreate SOD in any significant amount have diminished. Wild-harvestedchaga mushrooms have the highest levels of SOD content of any known foodor extract. In fact, it is clinically proven to be one of nature'ssafest and most powerful medicinal herbs. Chaga extract contains 25-50times more SOD antioxidants than the antioxidant powers of vitamin C, CoQ10, fish oils, many essential oils and others. In addition, lowmolecular weight polyphenols, triterpenoids and steroids are found inthe aqueous extracts of chaga mushroom. Chaga extract also consists of afolate derivative, pterolyglutamic acid, and aromatic substances,including aromatic vanillic acid, syringic acid and gamma-hydroxybenzoicacid.

Chaga components have been found to possess protective effects againsthydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and premature senescence in humanfibroblasts. In addition, chaga can suppress UV-induced morphologic skinchanges, such as skin thickening and wrinkle formation. Increasedcollagen synthesis through inhibition of MMP-1 and MMP-9 activities inhydrogen peroxide-treated human fibroblasts was found in hairless micein vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chaga canprevent the aging process by attenuating oxidative stress in a model ofstress-induced premature senescence.

Due to its high level of the enzymatic antioxidant SOD, chaga extract isa preferred ingredient in this invention. Together with otheringredients, rich in non-enzymatic antioxidants, it is an idealcandidate for the proposed compositions with HEV protection andanti-oxidant benefits.

In certain instances, the Group A oil can be black cumin seed oil(Nigella sativa), also called Black coriander oil or black oil or cuminoil which is isolated from the Nigella Sativa plant. It consists ofabout 35% carbohydrates, 21% protein and 35-38% fats. Cumin oil is agreat source of essential fatty acids (EFA) as it contains 70-80% ofthese highly desirable fatty acids. It has a high level of linoleic andsmaller amounts of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Most of thetherapeutic properties of this oil are due to the presence of somephenolic compounds especially thymoquinone, which is major bioactivecomponent of the cumin essential oil. Other very active functionalcomponents in cumin oil are thymohydroquinone, Beta-sisterol, nigellone,p-cumene, thymol, carvacol, alpha- and beta-pinene and so on. The oilalso contains selenium, iron, arginine, carotene, calcium, potassium,zinc and phosphorus. Cumin oil exhibits very high permeability throughthe stratum corneum. Black seed oil is also used for skin problems likeeczema and psoriasis. It helps sooth inflammation and improve the speedand which skin heals. It is also used topically in some cultures tonaturally soften, strengthen and firm skin and help increase hairgrowth. Some studies even suggest that it may be a very useful remedyagainst scars and to prevent scar formation on wounds. Due to its highlyanti-oxidant and other benefits, as well as pronounced long wavelengthUVA and higher energy violet visible light absorbance, cumin oil isdesirable for use in the compositions described herein.

In certain instances, turmeric oil can be used in the compositionsdescribed herein. Turmeric oil (Curcuma longa L.) is usually obtainedfrom the rizome of Curcuma longa L. herb. Various sources of turmericoils have been reported with various chemical composition ascribed todifferent cultivars, different soil and climate, and age of plants thatinfluenced the composition. Curcumin (1, 7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) and curcuminoidsare the most important compounds in turmeric oil. In an in vitro test,curcumin significantly inhibited the generation of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS) such as superoxide anions and H2O2, as well as reactivenitric species (RNS), which play an important role in inflammation. Inanother study, curcumin exerted powerful inhibitory effect againstH2O2-induced damage in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Curcumin canreduce the inflammatory response and can help maintain the membranestructure integrity and function. Curcumin also acts as a potentanticarcinogenic compound. The antioxidant capacity of curcumin isattributed to its unique conjugated structure, which exists in anequilibrium between the two forms that are strongly favored byintramolecular H-bonding. The three curcuminoids present in turmeric oilare the polyphenol curcumin (diferuloymethane) which is the main andmost active constituent, demethoxy-curcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin.This oil is also rich in sesquiterpenes, among which turmerone accountfor nearly 50% of the oil. In summary, turmeric oil is capable ofaffecting many of the anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as canregulate anti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic pathways. These propertiescontribute to its great potential to prevent conditions such asdifferent types of cancer, skin conditions, heart diseases, neurologicaldiseases, arthritis, acne, psoriasis and photoaging to mention a few. Ithas been described that when absorbed, it can affect more than 100different molecular targets. Due to its significant UVA absorbance,anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory character, turmeric oilis a desired component to be used in combination with other oils orextracts in the compositions described herein.

In some examples, the compositions described herein may comprise wheatgerm oil. Wheat germ oil (Triticum vulgare), also known as wheat oil, isextracted from the germ of the wheat kernel. It has many healthbenefits. It's full of A, B, D and E vitamins, fibers, proteins andother natural antioxidants. Wheat germ oil, with its high vitamin Econtent (255 mg/100 g oil) is considered to be one of the richest oilsand foods (food that has not undergone prior preparation or vitaminfortification) with this vitamin. Wheat germ oil also containsbiologically important components, such as selenium, zinc, calcium,manganese and copper. Wheat germ oil contains linoleic (n-6) acid ca.55%, palmitic acid 16%, oleic acid 14% and linoleic acid (n-3) 7%. Wheatgerm oil is particularly high in octacosanol—a long-chain saturatedprimary alcohol found in a number of different vegetable waxes andbeeswax, which has been reported to lower plasma cholesterol in humans.Wheat-germ oil is readily absorbed by human skin, which makes it aneffective moisturizer and an appropriate topical treatment. When appliedto the skin, wheat-germ oil delivers a healthy infusion of vitamin A,vitamin D, B vitamins, antioxidants and fatty acids. These nutrients notonly moisturize and heal dry or cracked skin, they also help preventscarring. In particular, wheat-germ oil is a rich source of vitamin E,which helps reduce skin damage, fight free radicals, support healthycollagen formation and maintain even skin tone. Its richness in vitaminE coupled with essential FA, as well as its strong HEV absorbance, putthe wheat germ oil on the list of preferred oils in this invention. Itcan be used alone or in combination with other oils and extracts in thecompositions described herein.

In some embodiments, flax seed oil can be used in the compositionsdescribed herein. Flax seed or linseed oil (Linum usitatissimum), isconsidered to be nature's richest source of n-3 fatty acids. It alsocontains n-6 and n-9 essential fatty acids, B vitamins, potassium,lecithin, magnesium, fiber, protein, and zinc. Flax oil contains highquantities of biologically active compounds such as unsaturated fattyacids (mostly alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid) and severalcomponents from isoprenoid pathway, such as squalene, phytosterols(mostly campesterol, stigmasterol, and Beta-sitosterol), carotenoids(lutein), tocochromanols (tocopherols and plastochromanol-8), lignansand squalene with anti-inflammatory properties. Due to its n-6/n-3 ratioand pronounced absorbance in HEV spectral range, flax seed oil isdesirable for use alone or in combination with other oils and extractsused in the compositions described herein.

In another embodiment, the compositions described herein may comprisepumpkin seed oil. Pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) contains variouscarotenoids, mostly Beta-carotene and lutein and is considered to havethe highest amount of Beta-carotene among the seed oils. There is also ahigh level of oil content (as high as 50%). The four fatty acids whichcomprise 98% of pumpkin seed oil are palmitic, stearic, linoleic, andoleic acids. Palmitic acid works to promote natural oil regeneration,which is an important component for the skin to retain its protectivebarrier. Stearic acid acts primarily as a lubricant. It allows the skinto retain the proper moisture balance vital for good health. Linoleicacid is one step far for the manufacture of prostaglandins, whichdecrease inflammation in the body. Linoleic acid helps maintain smoothskin, and will help repair flaky, itchy, or rough skin. Oleic acid isanother fatty acid found in pumpkin seed oil. It works to replenish andmaintain skin's moisture and lubrication. It is an omega-9 acid and hassimilar health benefits (both general for the health and to the skin) asthe more present n-3 and n-6 EFA. Also, great skin benefits of pumpkinseed oil are result of its high levels of the natural antioxidants.Pumpkin seed oil is especially high in alpha-tocopherol form of VitaminE, which is a powerful antioxidant and works by stabilizing the freeradical, which renders the free radical harmless, and helps the skinretain its normal structure. Pumpkin seed oil also contains phytosterolsand a wide variety of nutrients ranging from magnesium and manganese tocopper, protein and zinc. Overall, pumpkin seed oil, rich in vitamin E,zinc, omega-3, -6, and -9 FA and other antioxidants, offers tremendousbenefits for the skin in terms of retaining moisture, fighting ROS andmaintaining a youthful skin appearance, help wounds heal more rapidly,fight acne and help with skin renewal. Pumpkin seed oil is desirable foruse either alone or in combinations with other oils and extracts in thecompositions described herein.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein may comprisehemp seed oil. Hemp seed oil (Cannabis sativa) or simply hemp oil iscold pressed from the Cannabis sativa plant. Hemp seed oil also providesan adequate supply of antioxidants (Vitamin E), carotene (precursor toVitamin A), vitamin D, phytosterols, phospholipids and a number ofminerals including calcium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, phosphorus,along with modest amounts of iron and zinc. Hemp seed oil also providesa good source of chlorophyll. The hemp oil contains a number of fattyacids. About 30-35% of the weight of hempseed is an edible oil thatcontains about 80% as essential fatty acids (EFAs); i.e., linoleic acid,n-6 (LA, 55%), alpha-linolenic acid, omega-3 (ALA, 22%), in addition togamma-linolenic acid, n-6 (GLA, 1-4%) and stearidonic acid, n-3 (SDA,0-2%). It is considered to be nature's perfect oil besides the EVOO,with the ideal ratio of n-6/n-3 EFAs. Hemp seed oil, alone or incombination with other oils and extracts, is desired for use in thecompositions described herein due to its pronounced absorbance in HEVspectral range coupled with its proven anti-oxidant andanti-inflammatory properties.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseclove oil. Clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum) is a good source of essentialfatty acids and lipid-soluble bioactives. The high linoleic and oleicacid contents, tocopherols and phenolics present in the clove oil, makeit nutritionally valuable for the skin. The present antioxidants reactdirectly and quench the free radicals, thus, preventing lipidperoxidation. Clove oil also contain a variety of potentially bioactivecompounds such as sesquiterpenes, tannins, and triterpenoids. The mainaroma constituent of clove oil is a result of eugenol(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, 75-85%) that has been reported to have manybiological activities. Eugenol is anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobialand anti-fungal agent and a very powerful fat-soluble antioxidant. Cloveoil has the highest antioxidant value (Trolox/ORAC-values) among all theoils. The strong antioxidant behavior of clove oil might be due to thediversity in structural characteristics of phenolics presents and thesynergism of different AO with other active components.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein comprisecranberry seed oil (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Cranberry seed oil is coldpressed oil from the seeds of cranberry contains a very high essentialfatty acid profile with approx. 1:1 ratio of omega 3 to omega 6 EFA,along with a good mixture of tocopherols and tocotrienols, Vitamins A, Cand K, high phytosterols level and other phytonutrients. Cranberry seedoil has one of the highest anti-oxidant phytosterols content of all oilsand a high absorbance in the HEV spectral range, making it a goodnatural protection product that prevents photo-damage. Cranberry seedoil easily penetrates the skin and is highly moisturizing. It can aid inthe relief of itchy, scaly, irritated skin conditions such as eczema andpsoriasis. Its strong antioxidant properties and stable shelf life canhelp to extend the life of more fragile ingredients included within thesame formulation.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise broccoliseed oil. Broccoli seed oil (Brassica oleraceae italica) contains afatty acid profile mainly composed of erucic acid (omega-9), oleic acid(omega-9) and linoleic acid (omega-6) that yield its excellentabsorption properties while offering significant film forming propertieson the skin and hair. Broccoli seed oil has another essential fattyacid, arachidonic acid, which is the second most abundantpolyunsaturated fatty acid in the epidermis. The excellent anti-oxidantprofile makes it an easy substitute for the activity of silicones wherethe film forming activity results in a natural shine of the skin andhair. Broccoli seed oil is full of vitamins C, A and K and othernutrients. Besides being strong antioxidant, broccoli seed oil is verygood oil for eczema, psoriasis, and inflammatory skin conditions.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein comprise arganoil. Argan oil (Argania spinosa) is cold pressed from the nuts oforganic Argania spinosa. With its unique composition of unsaturatedfatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, plant sterols, polyphenols,ferulic acid, vitamin E and squalene, it delivers a therapeutic profilethat offers regenerative and restructuring activity to the skin. Arganoil contains essential unsaturated fatty acids in abundance. It containsas much as 80% of essential fatty acids in its overall composition. FAspresent in the argan oil have antioxidant and moisturizing propertiesand are vital for regeneration and repairing cell membranes, and thushelp prevention of premature aging signs. The major natural phenols inargan oil are caffeic acid, oleuropein, vanillic acid, tyrosol,catechol, resorcinol, ferulic acid epicatechin and catechin. Among them,the ferulic acid is the most abundant phenolic compound present in thisoil and its antioxidant potency increases on exposure to UV radiations,thus it is a very potent barrier against the damaging effects of UVradiation. The chemical structure of plant sterols and human sterols isstrikingly similar. Therefore, the sterols present in argan oil work ina harmony with the human skin. They perform a multitude of functionslike keeping structural integrity of cell membrane, reducinginflammation, improving skin metabolism process and moisture retention.They are the primary component of the outermost layer of human skin andfunctions like an optimal barrier. Sterols are very easily absorbableand penetrable in the skin.

In other examples, the compositions described herein comprise blackraspberry seed oil. Black raspberry seed oil (Rubus occidentalis)contains high level of essential fatty acids with a perfect n-6/n-3ratio. The oil is an exceptionally potent antioxidant and is useful as afree radical scavenger. Antioxidant constituents include tocopherols,tocotrienols, tannins and lutein. Black raspberry seed oil has strongabsorbance in UVA and HEV range and have been shown to reverseenvironmental damage, therefore it is great for natural sun protectionproducts. Black raspberry seed oil is a light oil that quicklypenetrates the skin. Rich in phytonutrients, black raspberry seed oil isa desirable ingredient in formulations for healing and treatment of skinconditions such as eczema and psoriasis.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise redraspberry seed oil (Rubus idaeus). Red raspberry seed oil is highlymoisturizing and emollient. It possesses an exceptionally highproportion of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, polyphenols and otherantioxidants. It is also rich in vitamin A and contains up to 83%omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Red raspberry seed oil has morepronounced anti-inflammatory properties than avocado, grapeseed,hazelnut and wheat germ oils and may prove to be the most effective oilto use in the treatment of eczema, psoriasis and other skin conditions.Red raspberry seed oil also offers the skin broad spectrum protectionfrom damaging UV and HEV rays. It contains elegiac acid, a compound thathas been shown to reduce the destruction of collagen. This oil is richin phytosterols which antioxidant activity prevents skin damage,encourages healthy skin growth and may protect against cancer.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise chiaseed oil. Chia seed oil (Salvia hispanica) offers at 3:1 balance ofomega-3 to omega-6 essential fatty acids for optimum skin nourishment.In fact, chia seed is considered the richest botanical source of omega-3fatty acids found in nature, offering more than flax seed or fish oil.These fatty acids support the formation of collagen and elastin, whichin turn supports skin structure and discourages sagging and bagging.They also help strengthen the epidermis and maintain moisture levels.Chia seed oil is clinically proven to significantly increase skinhydration, reduce trans-epidermal water loss and increase skin barrierfunction. Besides being a powerful source of alpha lipoic acid (ALA),chia seed oil is also a great source of vitamin B3, a naturalanti-inflammatory agent, and zinc, which helps reduce skin oilproduction and appearance of acne. Among the antioxidants, it haschlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, as well as myricetin, quercetin, andkaempferol flavonoids. These components have strong free-radicalfighting capabilities, and inhibit the oxidation of fats in the skin.The antioxidants in chia seed oil have shown to be even stronger thanvitamin C and vitamin E. This oil has excellent anti-inflammatoryproperties. Being an important source of protein and zinc, chia seedscan help stimulating healthy hair growth.

In other instances, the compositions described herein may comprisepomegranate oil (Punica granatum). Pomegranate oil is cold-pressed fromthe seeds found in the red arils of the fruit. It is rich with the rareomega-5 essential fatty acid, also known as punicic acid, one of themost potent antioxidants known to modern science, and a naturalphytoestrogen (plant-based estrogen). Omega 5 (9cis, 11trans,13cis-conjugated linolenic acid] is an 18-carbon fatty acid possessingthree double bonds and have been found to be at least six times morepotent antioxidant than those in grape seed extract. It is a high-energymolecule that interferes with the production of inflammatoryprostaglandins and leukotrienes. It also “mimics” the behavior ofnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, but without the sideeffects. The conjugated molecular structure makes it highly compatiblewith and easily absorbed by skin. Acting as a delivery system, it helpschannel nutrients directly to the cell, accelerating the process ofcellular regeneration and rejuvenation. Pomegranate oil containsessential vitamins and minerals (B1, B2, C, potassium, and magnesium).

In some examples, the compositions described herein may comprise carrotseed oil. Carrot seed oil (Daucus carota) is one of the highest naturalsources of Beta-carotene and vitamin E, resulting in its highanti-oxidant activity. It is also high in essential fatty acids andphytosterols (luteolins). Due to its high level of antioxidants and itsabsorption in UV and shorter wavelength HEV range, it can protect theskin from environmental assaults like sun rays, pollution, and stress.In fact, carrot seed oil may be added to sunscreen formulas because itis reputed to protect from free radicals produced by these assaults, andthus, reduce the skin damage.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseMacadamia nut oil. Macadamia nut oil (Macadamia integrifolia) is one ofthe richest sources of omega-7 essential fatty acid, palmitoleic acid,which is usually found in animal oils. This oil is considered to be thebest plant alternative to animal based oils, i.e. oil of choice toreplace the activity of mink oil and shark liver oil. Omega-7 level inMacadamia nut oil can be as high as 21%—concentration that is rarelyfound in vegetable oils. This fatty acid is secreted by young children'ssebaceous glands giving them pulp and dewy skin. It almost disappearsfrom the sebum by aging. Therefore, it helps to add this oil in apotential skincare product. Macadamia nut oil also contains vitamins A1,B1, B2, niacin and essential elements such as calcium, iron, phosphorus,magnesium and potassium. The oil is a triglyceride oil and containsprimarily monounsaturated fats up to 80-84%. Macadamia nut oil is also arich source of squalene—a naturally occurring antioxidant present inhuman skin surface lipids that protects from sun-induced lipidperoxidation. Also, the presence of palmitoleic acid in this oil plays arole in the lipid protection. Therefore, the use of Macadamia nut oilprotect the skin, especially the photo-damaged skin or skin exposed toexcessive sunlight.

In some examples, the compositions described herein may comprise apricotseed (kernel) oil. Apricot kernel oil (Prunus armeniaca) is obtainedfrom the kernels (seeds) of apricots. It is rich in gamma linoleic acid(GLA), which helps skin to maintain moisture balance. GLA also plays arole in firming and toning the skin. Additionally, it contains vitaminsA and E, which is antioxidant and soothe the skin and slow down thesigns of aging. The nourishing properties of apricot kernel seed oilhave an anti-inflammatory effect and may soothe minor skin conditionssuch as eczema. Apricot kernel oil is one of the best carrier oils. Itpenetrates easily into the skin and also improves the delivery ofessential oils and other herbal agents. This oil is also good forinfusing with herbs and extracts.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisejojoba oil (Simmondsia chinensis). Jojoba oil is actually a mixture oflong chain monounsaturated liquid wax esters. They are structurallydifferent from triglycerides, which are what most of the other seed oilsare made of. It is extracted from the seeds of jojoba plant. What makesit so unique compared to other seed oils is that jojoba oil isstructurally and chemically very similar to the human sebum. This isbecause sebum is also largely comprised of wax mono esters, the primaryconstituent of jojoba oil. It does not clog pores and does not cause anyallergic reactions. It contains many different varieties of tocopherolsand many other natural minerals, which make this oil anti-oxidant andantibacterial.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein may comprisemarula oil. Marula oil (Sclerocarya birrea) is extracted from thekernels (nuts) of marula tree. It is rich in essential fatty acidsomega-9-oleic and omega-6-linoleic that deeply hydrate and improve skinelasticity. It helps reduce transepidermal water loss and increases thesmoothness of skin. Easily absorbed, it supports the natural buildup ofthe skin's lipid layers and possesses anti-inflammatory properties.Marula oil also contains high levels of important antioxidants includingvitamin C, tocopherols, tochotrienols, phenolic compounds, essentialamino acids, procyanidin, galattotannin, catechins and other flavonoidsthat help cells renew and resist damaging effects of the environment.The large proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids and naturalantioxidants makes the oil very stable. Marula oil can deliver advancedprotection against photo-aging—neutralizing free radicals, helps buildhealthy collagen, and provides antioxidant protection.

In other examples, the compositions described herein may comprise sesameoil. Sesame oil (Sesamum indicum) is composed of the following fattyacids: linoleic acid (41%), oleic acid (39%), palmitic acid (8%),stearic acid (5%) and others in small amounts. It is naturallyantibacterial for common skin pathogens, antiviral and anti-inflammatoryagent. Sesame oil is rich in two compounds, sasamine and sasamoline,that together with beta-sitosterol and high levels of essential fattyand polyunsaturated acids gives this oil the anti-oxidant activity. Theoil also contains an antioxidant called sesamol which effectivelyprevents the appearances of wrinkles and fine lines. Research shows thatsesame seed oil is a highly potent antioxidant. In the tissues beneaththe skin, this oil will neutralize oxygen radicals. It penetrates intothe skin quickly and enters the blood stream through the capillaries.Sesame oil has traditionally been used to improve the health of hair. Itcan help to darken hair color and also eliminate hair loss. Furthermore,the anti-bacterial effects of sesame oil can help to eliminate any ofthe pathogens or foreign bodies that can attack your scalp or hair.Sesame oil contains vitamin E in abundance along with vitamin B complexand vitamin A. Other beneficial nutrients in sesame oil includephosphorus, copper, calcium, zinc and magnesium. It can increase skinelasticity and smoothness, helping to reduce the appearance of age spotsand eliminate skin conditions, including premature aging. Althoughsesame oil is fairly thick and sticky, it is easily absorbed by the skinand is often used as carrier oil or base oil. Sesame oil can also beused as a sunscreen because it creates a protective layer on the skin,which is another way of protecting the body from foreign substances ortoxins that get in through the skin.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein may compriseavocado oil. Avocado oil (Persea americana) is rich in monounsaturatedfats and vitamins A, B1, B2, D, and E. Almost 70% of avocado oilconsists of oleic acid, a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and lowlevel of omega-6. Avocado oil is a relatively good source of lutein. Thevitamins and minerals in avocado oil are not only nourishing, they canalso “feed” the body from the outside in. The vitamin E, potassium, andlecithin which are the primary skin-feeding nutrients in the oil are alleasily absorbed through the epidermis and into the dermis, where theyprovide energy for the growth and health of new skin fostering collagenproduction, as well as fortification of existing cells. Avocado oil ishigh in sterolins and sterols. Sterolin is extremely moisturizing to theskin and helps reduce fine lines and wrinkles. The same nutrients inavocado oil which make it ideal for moisturizing and feeding skin arealso exceptionally nourishing for the hair. Due to its highconcentration of anti-inflammatory oleic acid, avocado oil can beapplied topically to ease discomfort caused by certain skin conditions,including but not limited to dandruff, cracked eels, keratosis pilaris,insect bites and stings, sunburn, eczema, and psoriasis.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisecastor oil. Castor oil (Ricinus commumis) is a highly stable oil and oneof the thickest of all oil carriers. It is also one of the mostmoisturizing oils, by providing a sufficient barrier locking moisture inthe skin.

In some instances, the compositions described herein may comprise borageseed oil (Borago officinalis). Borage seed oil contains one of thehighest levels of gamma-linolenic acid GLA, (16-26%), which is neededfor healthy skin cell membranes. In the body, gamma linolenic acid isconverted into prostaglandin 1, which helps heal inflammation of theskin and promotes skin health. In herbal medicine, borage seed oil hasbeen used for skin disorders such as eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, andneurodermatitis.

In other instances, the compositions described herein may compriseevening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis). Evening primrose oil isvaluable for its rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, in particularits high gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) content. It is a good choice formature skin, where it offers support, for healthy skin physiology,relief for dry skin, and improves circulation.

In some examples, the compositions described herein may comprise palmoil. Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) contains about 50% saturated fat(majority of which is oleic acid), 40% monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFAs), and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs). Palm oil gets itsreddish color from the carotenes (β-carotene and lycopene), which levelsare 15 times higher than carrots and 300 times higher than tomatoes.Palm oil also contains 20 other carotenes, as well as vitamin E,particularly tocotrienol, vitamin K, CoQ10, squalene, phytosterols,flavonoids, phenolic acids, and glycolipids.

In other examples, the compositions described herein may compriserapeseed oil (Brassica campestris). Rapeseed oil contains omega-3 andomega-6 fatty acids, among which is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Rapeseedoil has a favorable balance of fatty acids—less saturated acids, high inmonounsaturated fats (˜60%), while PUFA's is ˜30%. It is also a richsource of vitamin E (alpha-, gamma-, delta-tocopherols), vitamin K andsterols (stigmasterols, beta-sitosterol, campesterol).

In additional examples, the compositions described herein may compriserosehip oil (Rosa aff. rubiginosa or Rosa moschata). Rosehip oil iscomposed of many powerful nutrients and antioxidant, such as linoleicacid (˜50%), oleic acid (˜14%), lycopene, β-carotene (pro-vitamin A) andVitamin C. The essential fatty acids in rose hip seed oil can helpreduce scarring and promote skin regeneration. They are emollients,which improve skin flexibility and permeability. Vitamin A helps delaythe effects of skin aging and also assists with cell regeneration;together with vitamin C promotes collagen and elastin levels toincrease. The oil can penetrate due to the vitamin A, which has smallenough molecules to go deeper into the skin.

In further examples, the compositions described herein may comprisesunflower oil (Helianthus annuus). Sunflower oil is very high inantioxidants, particularly vitamins A, C and E. It also contains othernutrients such as: palmitic acid, stearic acid, lecithin, tocopherols,carotenoids, selenium, proteins, copper, iron, zinc, calcium, andothers. Folate or folic acid, present in sunflower oil, helps the bodyin the manufacture of new cells.

In some examples, the compositions described herein may compriseHelichrysum oil (Helichrysum italicum). The Helichrysum plant, alsoknown by other names, including “everlasting”, “immortelle” or “curryplant” is used for making Helichrysum oil. Helichrysum's flavonoids andterpene compounds were effective against bacteria and fungus growth thatcan cause various skin irritations, including rashes, infections anddelayed wound healing. Helichrysum can help hydrate burnt skin andrelieve the pain following sunburns. It can also decrease signs of agingon the skin and block UV-light damage that can eventually lead toformation of skin cancer. Helichrysum oil has strong antibiotic andantimicrobial properties that make it a great natural cure for acne, forit works without drying the skin or causing redness and other unwantedside effects. Overall, Helichrysum oil has multiple effects that occurat the same time—inhibiting inflammatory enzymes, scavenging freeradicals, and a third effect that resembles how corticosteroids work intaming inflammation. This three-pronged approach helps to calm, protect,and heal skin that is inflamed, damaged, or stressed and is perfect foranti-aging skin products.

In other instances, the compositions described herein may compriseoregano oil (Origanum vulgare). Oregano oil is high in phenols—naturalphytochemical compounds with beneficial antioxidant effects. The twomost abundant phenols in it are: thymol—a natural fungicide withantiseptic properties, which helps prevent tissue damage and encourageshealing, and carvacrol, which is found to be effective against variousbacteria. Nutrients like vitamins A, C, and E, calcium, magnesium, zinc,iron, potassium, manganese, copper, boron, and niacin are also found inoregano oil.

In further examples, the compositions described herein may compriseginger oil. Ginger oil (Zingiber officinale) benefits mostly come fromits powerful mono- and sesqui-terpenoids, alpha-pinene, Beta-pinene,camphene, linalool, borneol, nerol, gingerol, and others. It containsvitamins, zinc and phosphorus. It is restorative oil for the skin aswell as stimulates hair growth via increasing blood circulation in thescalp. It provides efficient UV ray protection.

In some examples, the compositions described herein may comprisecinnamon oil. Cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) contains 68-87%eugenol, which is the primary ingredient in clove oil. Cinnamon bark oilcontains approx. 40-50% aldehydes (cinamaldehyde cinnamic aldehyde,which give the aroma and calming effect), while the cinnamon leaf oilcontains approx. 80% phenols. This oil promotes circulation when appliedto the skin and is excellent protection against UV rays.

In other instances, the compositions described herein may comprise sheabutter (Butyrospermum parkii). Shea butter is a skin superfood thatcomes from the seeds of the fruit of the Shea tree. Shea butter extractis a complex fat that in addition to many nonsaponifiable componentscontains the following fatty acids: oleic acid (40-60%), stearic acid(20-50%), linoleic acid (3-11%), palmitic acid (2-9%), linolenic acid(<1%) and arachidic acid (<1%). It nourishes the skin with vitamins A, Eand F. Vitamin F consists of two vital fatty acids namely linoleic acidand alpha-linoleic acid. Due to its cinnamic acid and other compounds,shea butter is anti-inflammatory. Particularly, lupeol cinnamate wasfound to reduce skin inflammation and even potentially help avoid skinmutations. Shea butter aids in the skin's natural collagen productionand its fatty acids protect and nourish the skin to prevent drying Italso has emollient and humectant properties. Shea butter has been usedas a sunblocking lotion and has a limited capacity to absorb ultravioletradiation. It offers UV and HEV protection and provides the skin withessential fatty acids and the nutrients necessary for collagenproduction.

In some examples, the compositions described herein may comprise greentea extract (Camellia sinensis). Green tea extract is made fromunfermented leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis and is rich inpolyphenols (catechins), which are potent antioxidant flavonoids.Epigallocatechin gallate is particularly abundant in green tea andbiologically active. It is considered that green tea polyphenols offerprotection against UV-induced stress via both interacting withUVB-induced reactive oxygen species and attenuatingmitochondrion-mediated apoptosis.

In other embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprisegrape seed oil and/or extract (Vitis vinefera). Grape seed oil isusually cold-pressed from the seeds of grapes. It contains more linoleicacid than many other carrier oils (˜70%), oleic acid (˜16%), palmiticacid (7%), stearic acid (4%) among the others. Grape seed oil andextract are rich in phenolics and steroids (campesterol,beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol) and contains small amounts of vitamin E.They contain polyphenolic proanthocyanidins and procyanidins, which havestrong antioxidant effects. They can facilitate skin wound healing andprotect collagen and elastin from degradation.

In certain embodiments, the absorbance spectra of certain materials,e.g., oils, that absorb well in the 380-400 nm range are shown in FIGS.6A-6X. These oils include ginger oil (FIG. 6A), hazelnut oil (FIG. 6B),cinnamon bark oil (FIG. 6C), Egyptian germanium oil (FIG. 6D), tea treeoil (FIG. 6E), sesame oil (FIG. 6F), aloe vera oil (FIG. 6G), avocadooil (FIG. 6H), meadowfoam oil (FIG. 6I), turmeric oil (FIG. 6J),eucalyptus oil (FIG. 6K), coconut oil (FIG. 6L), castor oil (FIG. 6M),yellow marigold oil (FIG. 6N), Helichrysum oil (FIG. 6O), rosemary oil(FIG. 6P), feverfew oil (FIG. 6Q), clove oil (FIG. 6R), grapeseed oil(FIG. 6S), frankincense oil (FIG. 6T), soybean oil (FIG. 6U), rice branoil (FIG. 6V), grapefruit seed oil (FIG. 6U) and oregano oil (FIG. 6X).These oils are referred to as “Group B” oils. While these oils have ahigh absorption from 380-400 nm, they have little or no absorption from450-500 nm. It may be desirable to combine one or more of the oils fromGroup A oils with one or more of the oils from Group B oils to provide acomposition which has a good average absorbance, e.g., 50% absorption orgreater, over the entire 380-500 nm or the 400-500 nm range. In someinstances, a Group A oil is used in combination with a Group B oil,optionally along with other components, to provide a composition with anaverage absorbance of about 75% (compared to baseline) over the 380-500nm range or over the 400-500 nm range.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein comprise gingeroil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where ginger oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein comprisehazelnut oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oilsand optionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where hazelnut oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In other instances, the compositions described herein comprise cinnamonbark oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where hazelnut oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In other instances, the compositions described herein comprise Egyptiangermanium oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oilsand optionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where Egyptian germanium oil is present in combination with one, two ormore other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other instances, the compositions described herein comprise tea treeoil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where tea tree oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein comprise sesameoil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where sesame oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein comprise aloevera oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where aloe vera oil is present in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other instances, the compositions described herein comprise avocadooil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where avocado oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In additional instances, the compositions described herein comprisemeadowfoam oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oilsand optionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where meadowfoam oil is present in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In additional instances, the compositions described herein compriseturmeric oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oilsand optionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where turmeric oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In additional instances, the compositions described herein compriseeucalyptus oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oilsand optionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where eucalyptus oil is present in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In other instances, the compositions described herein comprise coconutoil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where coconut oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In additional instances, the compositions described herein comprisecastor oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where castor oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In other instances, the compositions described herein comprise yellowmarigold oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oilsand optionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where yellow marigold oil is present in combination with one, two ormore other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise Helichrysumoil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where Helichrysum oil is present in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise rosemaryoil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where rosemary oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise cloveoil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where clove oil is present in combination with one, two or more otherGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisegrapeseed oil or extract in combination with one, two, three or moreGroup A oils and optionally in combination with one, two or three otherGroup B oils. Where grapeseed oil is present in combination with one,two or more other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisefrankincense oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group Aoils and optionally in combination with one, two or three other Group Boils. Where frankincense oil is present in combination with one, two ormore other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise soybean oilin combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils and optionallyin combination with one, two or three other Group B oils. Where soybeanoil is present in combination with one, two or more other Group A oils,the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil toprovide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or atleast 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise ricebran oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where rice bran oil is present in combination with one, two or moreother Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise grapefruitseed oil in combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils andoptionally in combination with one, two or three other Group B oils.Where grapefruit seed oil is present in combination with one, two ormore other Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise oregano oilin combination with one, two, three or more Group A oils and optionallyin combination with one, two or three other Group B oils. Where oreganooil is present in combination with one, two or more other Group A oils,the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil toprovide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or atleast 80%.

In certain embodiments, FIG. 6Y shows a table listing certain oils andmaterials which can be combined together to provide a composition thatprovides good absorbance over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nmrange. In some examples, the composition comprises two or more of thematerials listed in FIG. 6Y, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or more of the materialslisted in FIG. 6Y.

Certain oil combinations and their absorption curves are shown in FIGS.7A-7F. These combinations include chaga mushroom extract in olive oil(FIG. 7A), oregano extract in olive oil (FIG. 7B), chaga extract ingrain alcohol (FIG. 7C) and St. John's wort extract in olive oil (FIG.7D). By combining two oils, the overall absorption curve flattens out,e.g., the slope decreases compared to the slope where only one oil ispresent, which results in enhanced protective effects from 38-500 nm.Additional combinations of two or more Group A and Group B oils aredescribed below in the Examples appended hereto.

In certain instances, it may be desirable to include microparticles,nanoparticles, etc. in combination with one or more of the oils andextracts to further enhance the protective effects described herein. Forexample, microparticles or nanoparticles which can scatter violet-bluelight and/or red shift the light to lower energy wavelengths may bedesirable to enhance the protective effects of the compositions. FIG. 8Ashows turmeric oil and turmeric oil in combination withblue-reflecting/scattering microparticles, and FIG. 8B shows pumpkinseed oil and pumpkin seed oil in combination with theblue-reflecting/scattering microparticles. As an example only,TechPolymer micron-size polymer particles, viz. grade XX-3541Z and gradeXX-3542Z (Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd), can be used. The exact amount andtype of microparticles and nanoparticles may vary, and illustrativeamounts include, but are not limited to, about 1% to about 20% by weightof the composition.

In certain embodiments and referring to FIG. 9 , the various materialsof the compositions may be classified according to their 420 nm/380 nmratio. For example, it may be desirable to select one oil of thecomposition based on it having a 420/380 ratio of about 0.8 or higher.Illustrative oils with a 420/380 ratio of at least 0.8 include extravirgin olive oil, seabuckthorn berry oil, seabuckthorn seed oil, hempseed oil, flax seed oil, wheat germ oil, broccoli oil, cranberry oil,cumin (black seed) oil, rosehip oil, pomegranate oil, black raspberryoil, carrot seed oil, apricot kernel oil and argan oil. Oils with a420/380 ratio of at least 0.8 and a 460/380 ratio of at least 0.3 arereferred to herein as Type I oils. Any of these Type I oils can beselected and used in combination with a Group A oil, a Group B oil orboth in some instances, it may be desirable to select variouscombinations of Type I oils which have high absorbance ratios over the420-500 nm range. For example, a first Type I oil can be selected with ahigh 420/380 nm ratio, e.g., above 0.8, a second Type I oil can beselected with a high 460/380 nm ratio, e.g., above 0.4 and a third TypeI oil can be selected with a high 500/380 nm ratio, e.g., above 0.2, toprovide a “flat” absorption curve over the 420-500 nm range. In someinstances, a Type I oil with a 420/380 ratio of 1 or more can becombined with a Type 1 oil with a 460/380 ratio of 1 or more and/or witha Type 1 oil with a 500/380 ratio or 1 or more. By selecting Type I oilcombinations whose ratios exceed 1 of these three ratio values, theoverall protective effects of the oil combination can be increased. Incertain instances, a Type I oil with a 420/380 ratio of 1 or more, a460/380 ratio of 0.5 or more and a 500/380 ratio or 0.25 or more can becombined with a Group B oil to provide protective effects over the380-500 nm range.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise EVOO byitself or in combination with one, two or three other Type I oil. WhereEVOO is present by itself or in combination with one, two or more otherType I oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%

In certain examples, the compositions described herein compriseseabuckthorn berry oil by itself or in combination with one, two orthree other Type I oils. Where seabuckthorn berry oil is present byitself or in combination with one, two or more other Type I oils, thecompositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to providean average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein compriseseabuckthorn seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or threeother Type I oils. Where seabuckthorn seed oil is present by itself orin combination with one, two or more other Type I oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise hempseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where hemp seed oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise flaxseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where flax seed oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise wheatgerm oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where wheat germ oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise broccoliseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where broccoli seed oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisecranberry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three otherType I oils. Where cranberry oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise cuminoil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where cumin oil is present by itself or in combination with one,two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise rosehipoil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where rosehip oil is present by itself or in combination with one,two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisepomegranate oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three otherType I oils. Where pomegranate oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Type I oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise blackraspberry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three otherType I oils. Where black raspberry oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more other Type I oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise carrotseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where carrot seed oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise apricotkernel oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other TypeI oils. Where apricot kernel oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise arganoil by itself or in combination with one, two or three other Type Ioils. Where argan oil is present by itself or in combination with one,two or more other Type I oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise EVOO byitself or in combination with one, two or three Group B oils. Where EVOOis present by itself or in combination with one, two or more Group Boils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oilto provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range orthe 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70%or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein compriseseabuckthorn berry oil by itself or in combination with one, two orthree Group B oils. Where seabuckthorn berry oil is present by itself orin combination with one, two or more Group B oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein compriseseabuckthorn seed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or threeGroup B oils. Where seabuckthorn seed oil is present by itself or incombination with one, two or more Group B oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise hempseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where hemp seed oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or other Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise flaxseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where flax seed oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise wheatgerm oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where wheat germ oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise broccoliseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where broccoli oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisecranberry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where cranberry oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise cuminoil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group B oils.Where cumin oil is present by itself or in combination with one, two ormore Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amountof each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise rosehipoil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group B oils.Where rosehip oil is present by itself or in combination with one, twoor more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisepomegranate oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three GroupB oils. Where pomegranate oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more other Group B oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise blackraspberry oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where black raspberry oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise carrotseed oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where carrot seed oil is present by itself or in combination withone, two or more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise apricotkernel oil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group Boils. Where apricot kernel oil is present by itself or in combinationwith one, two or more Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise arganoil by itself or in combination with one, two or three Group B oils.Where argan oil is present by itself or in combination with one, two ormore Group B oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amountof each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the oils may be classified according to theabsorption ratios where oils considered to be Type II oils generallyhave a 420/380 ratio less than 0.8 but greater than 0.3 and a 460/380ratio of less than 0.3 but greater than 0.10. FIG. 10 shows a list ofType II oils which include, but are not limited to, pumpkin seed oil,jojoba oil, red raspberry oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, aloe vera oil,avocado oil, chia seed oil, evening primrose oil, grapeseed oil, ricebran oil, hazelnut oil, avocado oil, marula oil, meadowfoam oil, coconutoil, chaga extract, chaga oil, oregano extract, oregano, soybean oil,and castor oil.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise pumpkinseed oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group Aoils. Where pumpkin seed oil is present in combination with one, two ormore other Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise jojobaoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where jojoba oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise redraspberry oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or GroupA oils. Where red raspberry oil is present in combination with one, twoor more Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprisea suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisesunflower oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or GroupA oils. Where sunflower oil is present in combination with one, two ormore Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise sesameoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where sesame oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise aloevera oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group Aoils. Where aloe vera oil is present in combination with one, two ormore Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise avocadooil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where avocado oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise chiaseed oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group Aoils. Where chia seed oil is present in combination with one, two ormore Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise eveningprimrose oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or GroupA oils. Where evening primrose oil is present in combination with one,two or more Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisegrapeseed oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or GroupA oils. Where grapeseed oil is present in combination with one, two ormore Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise ricebran oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group Aoils. Where rice bran oil is present in combination with one, two ormore Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise hazelnutoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where hazelnut oil is present in combination with one, two or more TypeI oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise marulaoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where marula oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprisemeadowfoam oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils orGroup A oils. Where meadowfoam oil is present in combination with one,two or more Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise coconutoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where coconut oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise chagaextract in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group Aoils. Where chaga extract is present in combination with one, two ormore Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise chagaoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where chaga oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise oreganoextract in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group Aoils. Where oregano extract is present in combination with one, two ormore Type I oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise asuitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorption of lightover the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or atleast 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise oreganolin combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils. Whereoreganol is present in combination with one, two or more Type I oils orGroup A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount ofeach oil to provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or atleast 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise soybeanoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where soybean oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain examples, the compositions described herein comprise castoroil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils or Group A oils.Where castor oil is present in combination with one, two or more Type Ioils or Group A oils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitableamount of each oil to provide an average absorption of light over the380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In certain embodiments, the oils may be classified according to theabsorption ratios where oils considered to be Type III oils generallyhave a 420/380 ratio less than 0.3 and a 460/380 ratio less than 0.1.FIG. 11 shows a list of Type III oils which include, but are not limitedto, Helichrysum oil, ginger oil, cinnamon bark oil, turmeric oil, cloveoil, grapefruit seed oil, frankincense oil, yellow marigold oil,Egyptian germanium oil, tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil. These Type IIIoils provide good absorption from 380-400 nm but substantially less orno absorption in the 400-500 nm range. Thus, Type III oils may desirablybe combined with Type I oils, Type II oils, Group A oils or Group B oils(or combinations thereof) to provide an overall composition which has anaverage absorbance of at least 30%, or at least 50% over the 380-500 nmrange or the 400-500 nm range.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise Helichrysumoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oils orGroup A oils. Where Helichrysum oil is present in combination with one,two or more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise ginger oilin combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oils or GroupA oils. Where ginger oil is present in combination with one, two or moreType I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise cinnamonbark oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oilsor Group A oils. Where cinnamon bark oil is present in combination withone, two or more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, thecompositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to providean average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise turmericoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oils orGroup A oils. Where turmeric oil is present in combination with one, twoor more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise clove oilin combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oils or GroupA oils. Where clove oil is present in combination with one, two or moreType I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, the compositions desirablycomprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an average absorptionof light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range of at least30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise grapefruitseed oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oilsor Group A oils. Where grapefruit seed oil is present in combinationwith one, two or more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, thecompositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to providean average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprisefrankincense oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, TypeII oils or Group A oils. Where frankincense oil is present incombination with one, two or more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group Aoils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oilto provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range orthe 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70%or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise yellowmarigold oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type IIoils or Group A oils. Where yellow marigold oil is present incombination with one, two or more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group Aoils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oilto provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range orthe 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70%or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise Egyptiangermanium oil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type IIoils or Group A oils. Where Egyptian germanium oil is present incombination with one, two or more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group Aoils, the compositions desirably comprise a suitable amount of each oilto provide an average absorption of light over the 380-500 nm range orthe 400-500 nm range of at least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70%or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise tea treeoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oils orGroup A oils. Where tea tree oil is present in combination with one, twoor more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In some examples, the compositions described herein comprise eucalyptusoil in combination with one, two or three Type I oils, Type II oils orGroup A oils. Where eucalyptus oil is present in combination with one,two or more Type I oils, Type II oils or Group A oils, the compositionsdesirably comprise a suitable amount of each oil to provide an averageabsorption of light over the 380-500 nm range or the 400-500 nm range ofat least 30%, or at least 50%, or at least 70% or at least 80%.

In addition to the various oils and oils combinations listed above,other ingredients can be added to provide specific functionality, e.g.fragrance, color-neutralizing compounds, butter (rhea butter, kokum seedbutter, mango butter), waxes (beeswax), plant juices, extracts,propolis, powders (oat powder, colloidal oatmeal), petroleum jelly,menthol crystals, stabilizers, emulsifiers, alcohols, preservatives,emollients, colorants, viscosity modifiers, thixotropic agents, fibers,beads, liposomes, etc. In some examples, the compositions comprise anexcipient, carrier, powder or other delivery agent to facilitate topicalapplication of the compositions to the skin, hair and nails. If desired,particularly where applications to the nails may be performed,iontophoresis or other application of current or voltage can be used todrive the compositions into the nails and/or nail bed.

In certain examples, the oils selected for use in the compositions mayalso be selected based on fatty acid content. The various fatty acidcontent and/or ratios of the oils are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 . Fattyacids (FA) are necessary for the human body in many ways, but they arenot synthesized by the body. Therefore, they can only be obtainedthrough some external means like oil skin treatment. The FA usually haveantioxidant and moisturizing properties. These essential FAs, which canbe saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA),are all important for the regulation and maintenance of healthy skin andprevention of premature aging signs. Some of the essential oils areconsidered as the important sources for the natural antimicrobials.

Skin lipids play an essential role in skin barrier function and skinhomeostasis. An imbalance in skin lipid composition is associated withdisorders like atopic dermatitis. Lipids are a heterogeneous group ofhydrophobic substances, including fats, free fatty acids, sterols,waxes, ceramides, triglyceride, fat soluble vitamins, phospholipids andothers. Skin lipids are different from those of other tissues in thatthey are primarily synthesized in situ from glucose. In addition, theskin contains fatty acids (FAs), essential FAs (EFAs), squalene, wax andwax esters.

All mammals have a water permeability barrier in the epidermis of theskin that prevents water loss from the body. This barrier consists ofdead skin cells surrounded by layers of lipids. The barrier lipidsconsist of a mixture of cholesterol, free fatty acids and specialceramides, among which is a unique ceramide containing linoleic acid.The traditional symptoms seen after prolonged dietary deficiency of(n-6)-fatty acids, e.g. increased trans-epidermal water loss, scalyskin, hair loss and poor growth, can all be ascribed to a lack oflinoleic acid in special O-acylated ceramides, which constitute part ofthe lipid structure of the lamellar membranes between the cornocytes instratum corneum of the epidermis. These extracellular lamellar membranesform together with the cornocytes a significant part of the waterpermeability barrier of the skin. Young growing rats would develop scalyskin, hair loss and poor growth due to lack of FAs in the diet and thesedeficiency symptoms could be cured by adding linoleic acid or other n-3and n-6 fatty acids to the diet.

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are essential for normal growth andmaintaining good health. Characteristic for each EFA is the position andnumber of double bonds. Among the n-6 fatty acids are linoleic acid LA(18:2), γ-linolenic acid GLA (18:3), di-homo-γ-linolenic acid DHGLA(20:3) and arachidonic acid AA (20:4). Important n-3 fatty acids area-linolenic acid ALA (18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (20:5) anddocosahexaenoic acid DHA (22:6). The human organism is able tosynthesize longer chain and higher desaturated fatty acids starting withingested C18 EFAs in a multiple step reaction catalyzed by a set ofdesaturates and elongases, e.g. LA can be converted to GLA, DHGLA andAA. The same set of enzymes converts ALA into stearidonic acid and EPA.LA, an n-6 FA, and ALA, an n-3 FA, cannot be synthesized by humans andare considered essential. These EFAs, LA and ALA, are the precursors ofthe longer chain members in the n-6 and n-3 FA series, respectively. FAsare often abbreviated by their chemical designation, e.g. LA as 18:2n-6where 18 indicates the length of the carbon chain; the 2, the number ofcis double bonds; and the n-6 indicates that the first of these doublebonds begins at the sixth carbon atom from the methyl end of the carbonchain. ALA is abbreviated as 18:3n-3, the n-3 indicates that the firstdouble bond is at the third carbon from the methyl end of the chain. Thelonger chain FA, i.e. AA (20:4n-6), EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3), canbe synthesized in humans from their respective precursor EFA through aseries of desaturation (addition of a double bond) and elongation(addition of two carbon atoms) enzymatic reactions. The (n-3) fattyacids and (n-6) fatty acids cannot be inter-converted in mammals.Polyunsaturated FAs, PUFAs, depending on the position of the firstunsaturated double bond from the methyl end of the molecule arecategorized into omega-3 (n-3), omega-6 (n-6) and omega-9 (n-9)families, as well as rare omega-5 (n-5) and omega-7 (n-7) fatty acids.

EFAs are needed for proper function of all tissues including the skin,e.g. linoleic acid (LA) deficiency results in impaired skin barrierfunction and scaling. The biochemical mechanisms underlying the effectsof the oils on barrier function are not fully understood. It is believedthat for n-6, the main protective activity at the skin level seems to bedue to a long chain derivative of LA and DHGLA (20:3 n-6), whichimproves the cutaneous barrier as well as promoting hydration andretarding aging. One study showed that LA deficiency results in impairedbarrier function and scaling, which might be due to the fact that LA isa constituent of ceramides, an important structural element of the skinbarrier. Prolonged deficiency of LA results in a defective waterpermeability barrier of the skin, resulting in increased water loss overthe skin. C20 fatty acids are important precursors of lipids which playa major role in the immune response of the skin.

It is important that the two series (n-6 and n-3) are present in acorrect ratio, since they perform in various, and in many respects,contrasting actions. A correct ratio between the two series is thereforefundamental since EPA and DHA have an anti-inflammatory andimmunoprotective action on the skin, as well as an anti-tumoral andcardioprotective one, in contrast to AA that has pro-inflammatory andimmune suppressive effects. Therefore, PUFAs have the potential of atherapeutic effect on inflammatory skin disorders because of theireffects on the fluidity and function of immune cell membranes, but alsoas precursors for the immune modulators eicosanoids. The presence of thelonger chain derivatives of 20-22 carbon atoms, or LC-PUFA, asdihomo-gamma-linolenic, or DHGLA (20:3 n-6), arachidonic, or AA (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic, or EPA (20:5 n-3) and docosaesaenoic, or DHA(22:6 n-3) in the skin and in the body is also very crucial. However,though it needs long chain derivatives (LC-PUFA), the skin does notpossess elongase and desaturase enzymes, and therefore, it cannot formthem from C18 EFAs, such as LA and ALA. Thus, LC-PUFA have to “arrive”in the skin already preformed. The skin, however, has cyclo-oxygenaseand lipo-oxygenase, enzymes that form prostaglandins, thromboxanes andleukotrienes from LC-PUFA.

Therefore, to protect dermal cell integrity, it seems desirable toensure an optimum PUFA n-6 amount; neither too little nor too much. PUFAn-3 is recommended for their resistance to peroxidation for theirprotective action on the body in general and on the skin in particular.It is very important both for the body and the skin that a balancedratio between the n-6 and n-3 series (not greater than 10:1) ismaintained. Many researchers recommend ratio around 5:1 for infants andelderly people. This balanced ratio can be maintained not only byincreasing the n-3, but also by reducing the n-6, which can be obtainedby preferring MUFA (oleic acid) highly resistant to peroxidativeprocesses.

A sufficient topical and/or dietary intake of EFAs maintains skinhomeostasis since these fatty acids play an important role as a barrierfor the skin, promoting its hydration and preventing eventual skindisorders, such as atopic alterations, psoriasis, acne, and eczema.Therefore, certain formulations described herein are directed to topicalformulations with the “right” composition and ratio of fatty acidsneeded for a good skin health while at the same time providingprotection from HEV light. In additional formulations, compositionshaving the “right” ratio of fatty acids that provide HEV protection mayalso comprise one or more antioxidants (tocopherols, carotenoids andpolyphenols) so the combination of the materials provides protectionagainst HEV light as well as generation of reactive oxygen species orother harmful material within the cell.

Essential FAs are major components of all cell membranes, to which theyprovide permeability and elasticity. These acids play an essential rolein the formation of ceramides—the most important lipids for theepidermis barrier—and are therefore, essential for the stability andfunction of the skin barrier. Emollients, such as lipids and oils,enhance skin flexibility and have moisturizing and soothing actions.These compounds repair the skin and influence skin permeability, thusimproving the barrier function. The stearic, linoleic, oleic, linolenicand lauric acids are usually used as emollients in cosmetics. Because oftheir lipophilic nature, vegetable fats and oils are good emollients.These compounds efficiently prevent water loss through the epidermisbecause of their occlusive properties. Moreover, higher unsaturationdegrees correspond to lower viscosities and larger penetration ratesinto the skin. Much research has been conducted in recent decades aboutthe role of essential FAs in the formation and function of the barrieron the superficial skin layers. Some studies showed reducedtransepidermal water loss (TEWL) after application of linoleic acid (LA)and γ-linoleic acid (GLA) for some days. Different LA or GLA treatmentsresulted in stable TEWL for several days. It was concluded that theaction of LA and GLA on TEWL might be due to induced structural changesin the epidermis, in particular in the horny layer. These oils are usedin dermatology and cosmetology for the treatment of dry and wrinkledskin, and to promote wound healing by stimulating tissue regeneration.

Various classifications of essential oils have been proposed. Forinstance, oils considered as in the MUFA class are almond, avocado, EVOOand argan oil. Grape seed, wheat germ, sunflower, linseed, walnut,sesame, soybean, and pumpkin oils, are considered as oils in the PUFAgroup. According to another classification, wheat germ, sunflower,sesame, soybean, and pumpkin oils are classified in the linoleic+MUFAsubclass, since these oils, in addition to the important proportions oflinoleic acid, also have high amounts of MUFA. The flax seed oil is theonly one included in the linolenic+MUFA subclass, due to its exceptionalcontent of 55.2% of linolenic acid. Sesame oil and argan oil have oleicand linoleic acids as major FAs. Soybean and pumpkin seed oils have verysimilar amounts of MUFA, but soybean showed higher PUFA, due to itsspecial content of linolenic acid. When unsaturated oils are exposed tofree radicals, they can create chain reactions of free radicals thatspread the damage in the cell, and thus contribute to the cell's aging.In some instances, the composition may comprise at least one compound inGroup FA-1, e.g., Group FA-1 either alone or in combination with one ormore of a Group A oil, a Group B oil, a Type I oil, a Type II oil or aType III oil. In some instances, the composition may comprise at leastone compound in Group FA-2, e.g., Group FA-2 either alone or incombination with one or more of a Group A oil, a Group B oil, a Type Ioil, a Type II oil or a Type III oil. In some instances, the compositionmay comprise at least one compound in Group FA-3, e.g., Group FA-3either alone or in combination with one or more of a Group A oil, aGroup B oil, a Type I oil, a Type II oil or a Type III oil. Inadditional instances, the composition may comprise at least one compoundin Group FA-1 and at least one compound in Group FA-2, e.g., GroupFA-1+Group FA-2 either alone or in combination with one or more of aGroup A oil, a Group B oil, a Type I oil, a Type II oil or a Type IIIoil. In yet another instances, the composition may comprise at least onecompound in Group FA-1 and at least one compound in Group FA-2 and atleast one compound in Group FA-3, e.g., Group FA-1+Group FA-2+Group FA-3either alone or in combination with one or more of a Group A oil, aGroup B oil, a Type I oil, a Type II oil or a Type III oil.

Tocopherols (including Vitamin E) are excellent anti-free radical andantioxidant agents. Vitamin E protects the Vitamin A levels andessential fatty acids in the body. It prevents the evaporation ofmoisture from epidermis in skin; therefore, it can act as a barrieragainst aging of cells and promotes the nourishment of cells. With otherwords, vitamin E contributes to younger-looking skin, but also it hasbeen seen to be very helpful against scarring from wounds and stretchmarks. Total tocopherol (TP) content for various materials is shown inFIG. 14 . In some instances, the composition may comprise at least onecompound in Group X, e.g., Group X either alone or in combination withone or more of a Group A oil, a Group B oil, a Type I oil, a Type II oilor a Type III oil. In some instances, the composition may comprise atleast one compound in Group Y, e.g., Group Y either alone or incombination with one or more of a Group A oil, a Group B oil, a Type Ioil, a Type II oil or a Type III oil. In additional instances, thecomposition may comprise at least one compound in Group X and at leastone compound in Group Y, e.g., Group X+Group Y either alone or incombination with one or more of a Group A oil, a Group B oil, a Type Ioil, a Type II oil or a Type III oil.

Polyphenols or phenolic compounds present in the plant oils are naturalcomponents and have the long-lasting reputation of beinganti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-aging, anti-allergic andantioxidant. Polyphenols prevent the penetration of UV radiation intothe skin and can act as sunscreen, and thus, reduce inflammatory,oxidative stress and DNA damaging effects of UV radiation in the skin.The amount of total phenolics can be analyzed with Folin-Ciocalteumethod; gallic acid or caffeic acid can be used as a standard. Theresults are expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) orcaffeic acid equivalents (CAE). Total phenol content for various oils isshown in FIGS. 15 and 16 .

Natural fat-soluble carotenoids protect the skin from the externalradiation and free radical reactivity. Particularly, the photoprotectiveactivity of carotenoids is related to their antioxidant properties,efficiently scavenging singlet molecular oxygen and peroxyl radicals.The carotenoid content for certain materials is shown in FIG. 17 . Totalsterol content is certain materials is shown in FIG. 18 .

Trolox values and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values(expressed in units of mmol Trolox Equivalent per 100 grams) are listedin FIGS. 19A, 19B and 20 . ORAC-values and Trolox equivalency are usedas a benchmark for the antioxidant capacity. Trolox(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetrametmethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), a watersoluble vitamin E analog, is often used as the calibration standard.Various boosters/enhancers are shown in FIG. 21 .

As noted herein, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the oil obtainedsolely from the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). It has beenshown to be very effective against oxidative stress, which is defined asan imbalance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems of the body, infavor of the oxidants. Oxidative stress produced by free radicals hasbeen linked to the development of several diseases such ascardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. EVOO is rich inFAs as major components, especially monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs),e.g. the oleic acid, which prevent inflammation. EVOO also containslinoleic acid, a component that helps to prevent water from evaporationfrom the skin, and thus, promotes a youthful appearance of the skin.

Besides its richness in FAs, EVOO contains also minor components withmultiple biological properties, providing antioxidant,anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive and anti-cancer benefits. Some of theminor components are phenolics, sterols, tocopherols, hydrocarbons andpigments. The phenolics, especially the hydrophilic and lipophilicphenols are the main antioxidants of EVOO, and they include a largevariety of compounds. Among them, the most concentrated phenols arelignans and secoiridoids. The phenolic compounds present in olive oilare strong antioxidants and radical scavengers. Hydroxytyrosol andoleuropein have shown good antimicrobial activity against ATTC bacterialstrains and clinical bacterial strains. Also, the healthy amount oftocopherols (including vitamin E) in EVOO efficiently neutralizes thefree radicals and photoaging from harmful radiation. The levels oftocopherols in EVOO has shown that from the eight known “E-vitamers”,the α-homologue comprises approx. 90% of the total tocopherol content.α-tocopherol is found in the free form. Moreover, among the hydrocarbonspresent in considerable amounts in EVOO are squalene and carotenoids(mainly β-carotene), the later possessing antioxidant capacities, andtogether with the pheophytins, are contributing to the EVOO color.

Argan oil is mainly produced in from the nut of the argan tree (Arganiaspinosa, L.). It is an excellent source of tocopherols (vitamin E) andunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (Omega 6), whichrepresents one third of the total composition of argan virgin oil.Alpha-tocopherol makes up 75% of the total tocopherols in the argan oil.Alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol are the two major forms of vitaminE in human plasma and the primary lipid-soluble antioxidants.Alpha-tocopherol has the ability to protect against nitrogen-based freeradicals. Nitrogen free radicals play an important role in diseasesassociated with chronic inflammation, including cancer, heart diseaseand degenerative brain disorders. Besides tocopherols (vitamin E), theargan oil contains phenols, carotenes, squalene, and fatty acids, (80%unsaturated fatty acids). The main natural phenols in the argan oil arecaffeic acid, oleuropein, vanillic acid, tyrosol, catechol, resorcinol,among the others.

The FAs present in argan Oil have antioxidant and moisturizingproperties. These essential FAs are all important for the regulation andmaintenance of healthy skin and skin elasticity, as well as preventionof premature aging signs. Furthermore, prostaglandins can be formed fromfatty acids under enzyme action within the cells. They areanti-inflammatory and have a bearing on overall cell development andgrowth.

Furthermore, ferulic acid is the most abundant phenolic compound presentin the argan oil. Its antioxidant potency increases on exposure to UVradiations, thus it is a very potent barrier against the damagingeffects of Solar radiation. The natural fat soluble carotenoids protectthe skin from ultra violet radiation and free radical reactivity. Thechemical structure of argan sterols and human sterols is very similar,thus the argan oil sterols work in “great harmony” with the human skin.They perform a multitude of functions as part of Argan oil like keepingstructural integrity of cell membrane, reducing inflammation, improvingskin metabolism process and moisture retention.

Apricot kernel oil is pressed from the kernels of the Prunus armeniaca(apricots). Apricot kernels have an oil content of 40-50%. The seed cakeis also used separately to extract an essential oil. The apricot oil(Prunus armeniaca L.) consists mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, suchas oleic and linoleic acid. Pharmacological studies demonstratedanti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-mutagenic,anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-microbial effects of the apricot seed.The essential oil of apricot seed possesses antimicrobial activityagainst a range of bacteria and yeasts. For instance, it has inhibitoryactivities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteusmirabilis, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans among the others.

Rosehip seed oil is produced from the seeds of Rosa aff. rubiginosa. Itcontains a high percentage of poly-unsaturated essential fatty acids(PUFAs), such as linoleic and linolenic acids, known to be involved inprostaglandin synthesis, membrane generation, defense mechanisms, growthand other cell regeneration related processes. Therefore this oil is ofgreat use to promote epithelization. It also contains other substancessuch as transretinoic acid, tannins, flavonoids, vitamin C andβ-carotene, as well as natural Retinoic Acid (a Vitamin A derivative),which replenishes and helps rebuild skin tissue.

Rosehip seed oil is essential fatty acids-rich oil, which action isregulation of skin elasticity and restoring skin moisture. Additional toits effects on the outermost layers of the skin, rosehip oil also hasinvigorative activity on the innermost skin cell layers, fibroblasts andcells that produce collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid and which areresponsible for skin firmness and elasticity. Besides its firming actionon deep skin layers, the rosehip seed oil prevents photoaging and skindisorders related to sunlight radiation, as well as to reduction of skinpores. The application of rosehip oil can help in attenuating scars,wrinkles and stretch marks, and in preventing premature aging and inregaining natural color and tone.

Linseed oil or flaxseed oil is an oil obtained from the dried, ripenedseeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseed is an oil seedthat contains roughly 38-45% oil. α-Linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3fatty acid, accounts for 52% of the fatty acids in the oil, andtherefore flaxseed oil is considered as one of the leading sources ofALA. Flaxseed is a rich source of different types of phenolics such aslignans, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and tannins.Linseed oil is a type of drying oil, meaning it can polymerize into asolid form. Due to its polymer-forming properties, it can be used toform protective coatings (films).

Jojoba Oil (Simmondsia Chinensis) which shows structural similarities tothe human skin oil (sebum), has anti-inflammation action. Jojoba Oil isactually a liquid wax ester and not an oil. It is a natural emollientwith good spreadability and can be used to provide a protective coatingon the skin, nails or hair. It can be made as jojoba seed oil, jojobaseed wax, jojoba butter, or jojoba alcohol. In recent years, meadowfoamSeed Oil (Limnanthes Alba) has been proposed as an alternative to JojobaOil.

The active ingredients in green tea (Camellia sinensis) are thepolyphenols, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory andanti-carcinogenic properties. Green tea polyphenols (GTP) preventultraviolet (UV)-B-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which areconsidered to be mediators of UVB-induced immune suppression and skincancer induction. These in vivo observations suggest that GTPs arephotoprotective, and can be used for the prevention of solar UVBlight-induced skin disorders associated with immune suppression and DNAdamage. The exact mechanism of preventing UV penetration into the skinis not established but it is known that GTPs absorb some of lowwavelengths of UV spectrum (280-290 nm).

Wheat germ oil—certain skin conditions such as scarring andinflammation; Wheat germ oil is also very high in vitamin E (255 mg/100g), and has the highest content of vitamin E of any food that has notundergone prior preparation or vitamin fortification

Grapeseed oil contains lot of vitamin E, approximately twice as much asolive oil. It also has the highest concentration of omega-6polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

Coconut oil or Copra oil is an oil extracted from the kernel or meat ofmatured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).Virgin coconut oil have excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatoryproperties. It is known for its main saturated fatty acids, such aslauric and myristic fatty acids.

Sunflower oil is the oil compressed from sunflower (Helianthus annuus)seeds. Sunflower oil is a monounsaturated (MUFA)/polyunsaturated (PUFA)fatty acid mixture of mostly oleic acid (omega-9)-linoleic acid(omega-6) group of oils.

Hemp oil or hempseed oil is obtained by pressing hemp seeds fromvarieties of hemps (Cannabis sativa L.). Hemp seed oil contains linoleicacids, omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).

Sesame oil (Sesamum indicum L.) is well known for its oxidativestability; one of the reasons for this extra-stability is attributed toits tocopherol content.

In certain embodiments, various Trolox value of oils are shown in FIGS.19 and 20 . Trolox values refer to the total antioxidant capacity of thevarious materials. A higher Trolox value in the overall composition isdesirable to enhance the protective effects of the compositions.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein may comprise oneor more booster or enhances which can be used in combination with theGroup A oils, Group B oils, Type I-III oils or Group X or Group Ymaterials. Illustrative booster or enhancers are shown in FIG. 21 andinclude, but are not limited to, chaga mushroom extract, cumin oil,seabuckthorn oil or extract, pomegranate seed oil, turmeric oil, greentea extract, berry extracts or oils, rosehip oil, cranberry oil,broccoli oil, grape seed extract or oil or extra virgin olive oil(EVOO). When present, the boosters are typically present in smallamounts, e.g., 10 weight percent or less. As can be seen in FIG. 21 ,there is some overlap in the boosters and the various Groups and Typesof oils described herein. A booster may be added where the boostermaterial is absent from the formulation. For example, where aformulation includes a Group A oil other than EVOO, the EVOO may beadded in a minor amount, e.g., 5% by weight or less, to enhance theoverall activity of the compositions. Another example is adding chagaextract to a certain combination of oils, which combination alreadystrongly absorbs in HEV range, but the addition of chaga extract will“boost” the antioxidant activity of the final formulation with theSOD-enzymatic antioxidant and other nutrients. Yet another example iswhen grape seed extract is added to a strongly absorbing oil formulationin HEV spectral range and increases the final formulation's antioxidantactivity (e.g. ORAC value) due its high content of proanthocyanidins.

Certain embodiments described herein use the visible light protectiveproperties of these oils in addition to the UV protective and otherproperties of some of the oils. One illustrative embodiment in thepresent invention is that the skin, hair or nail care composition formsa barrier or protective layer that acts as a filter, i.e. blocks theharmful violet-blue visible (and UV) light rays to penetrate into theskin, hair and nail structure. In addition to the protective layerformation, some of the compositions in the present invention mightpartially penetrate into the skin, hair or nails, and thus, nourish,rejuvenate, regenerate, moisturize and/or heal the skin, hair and nails.In cases, where e.g. increased skin penetration is needed, alcohol(s)can be added, as well, which have been proven to provide good carrier(transfer) properties.

The compositions described herein can be used, for example, in thefollowing forms: topical cream, ointment, skin care stick, lip balm, lipgloss, lip stick, serum, nourishing or conditioning day/night skin carekit, colloidal bath product, tonic, balsam, pomade, aerosol/spray, oil,corrective foundation, anti-aging kit, mask, mousse, foam, shavingcream, baby cream and lotion, nail polish, nail gloss, eye liner,mascara, eye shadow, suntan, sun screen, etc. Moreover, the compositionscan be used in wet or dry cleansing wipes; the wipes can be infused orimmersed in the proposed compositions, which after use leave aprotective coating on the face, hands and the skin.

Depending on the particular materials which are present, thecompositions can provide one or more of the following attributes: broadblue-violet protection, broad UVA+HEV protection, broad UVB+UVA+HEVprotection, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-aging functionality,anti-wrinkle property, anti-oxidative function, softening action,nourishment, anti-microbial activity, soothing action, healing activity,rejuvenating action, regeneration function, restoration action,moisturizing action, barrier functionality, corrective functionality(skin toning, covering, brightening), dryness/eczema relief,anti-itching functionality, fragrance activity, etc.

In certain applications the product may be applied and/or reapplied tovarious areas of the body including, but not limited to, exposed skinincluding the body, face, lips, feet, hands, etc., to eye lids, to thehair and nails. In another embodiment, the compositions can also be usedas veterinary care products to protect, moisturize and nourish the skin,fur and hair of animals (horses, cats, dogs, etc.)

In other embodiments, the compositions of this invention, besides thevarious oils and combinations thereof, may contain other compounds knownin the art of various care products, e.g. TiO2 and/or ZnO2nanoparticles, alcohols, emulsifiers, stabilizers, etc. These additionalmaterials may be selected to absorb wavelengths below 380 nm so theoverall composition may be effective to absorb light from about 300 nmto about 500 nm, e.g., at least about 50% of the light, on average, overthe 300-500 nm range can be absorbed.

In yet another embodiment, some of the compositions may containliposomes or micelle-structure delivery system for a controlled releaseof the components of interest. Some of the proposed compositions mightbe oil-in-water or water-in-oil formulations. In yet another embodiment,the compositions can have some additional functionality, such aspolymer- or film-forming property to provide temporary barrier to theskin, nails and hair and or improve the skin roughness (wrinkles). Forsuch functionality, flax seed oil and/or natural polymers, viz. collagenand collagen derivatives, gum arabic, chitin, pectin, hyaluronic acid,cellulose, polysaccharides can be used. A spectrum of syntheticmaterials (silicone and acrylate polymers) can be used for adding suchfunctionality, as well. In yet another embodiment, “smart lotioncompositions” are proposed. For instance, compositions with triggeredaction for delivery of the active ingredient is proposed. The activeingredients (UV-visible light blocking components) are “stored” inliposomes/micelles, for example, and under UV-visible light, or heat, orboth, or under rubbing action (friction), the active ingredients can bedelivered. Color-changing functionality of the lotion or cream can beadded for fun in e.g. kids' skin care compositions or as a warning signthat another layer of skin care product needs to be applied.

In additional instances, the compositions can be used in combinationwith a smart watch or a fitness tracker, e.g., a Fitbit™ device, totrack the user and/or determine whether the compositions need to bereapplied. For example, a smart watch may include a GPS which can trackwhether a user is outside or inside and for how long. Alternatively, thesmart watch or fitness tracker may be able to measure the amount of UVor blue-violet light that a user is exposed to. This tracking and/ormeasurement can be used to inform the user that it may be time to applyor re-apply the compositions. For example, the smart watch or fitnesstracker can be programmed to alert the user after 1 hour of blue-violetlight exposure, 2 hours of blue-violet light exposure, etc. In anotherinstance, the compositions can be used in combination with various UVindex measuring skin patches. In another instances, the compositions canbe used in combination with hats to be delivered to the hair in acontrolled manner.

In certain instances, the compositions described herein may provide ablue-violet light protection factor (BPF) similar to the sun protectionfactors (SPF) commonly used for sunscreens. For example, the materialsof the composition can be selected such that use of the composition onthe skin permits a user to be exposed to the blue-violet light forlonger periods without any substantial damage. If damage to the skinfrom exposure to blue-violet light occurs in about 15 minutes, then aBPF of 10 would permit 150 minutes of exposure to the blue-violet lightfor the same amount of damage if the user was not wearing any of thecompositions. In certain instances, the BPF of the composition isselected such that it blocks about 95% or more of the blue-violet light(380-500 nm or 400-500 nm) over a period of about two hours (assumingthe wearer is not sweating or swimming). In some instances, the oils andother materials of the compositions may be selected such that it blocksabout 97% or more of the blue-violet light (380-500 nm or 400-500 nm)over a period of about two hours (assuming the wearer is not sweating orswimming). A user can reapply the compositions about every two hours torestore the BPF of the topically applied compositions. If a user issweating or swimming, then the BPF may be reduced, and reapplication ofthe compositions at a frequency shorter than two hours may be needed.

In certain cases, the compositions described herein can be furtherdeveloped for targeted applications. As an example only, vitamin-richand other nutrients-rich oils can be used in night cream applications,where the UV- and HEV-light protection is not crucial. For day creamapplications, oils and extracts containing UV-light and HEV-lightblocking functionalities are more desired to protect the skin from theSun and other light sources and displays. Moreover, the day creams canbe further tailored into day creams for users that spend more timeindoors, e.g. in front of the computers or other electronic devices.Such day creams for indoor use should contain active ingredients (oils)that have peak absorbance values in 400-500 nm, and especially peakabsorbances around 460 nm, which is for example the peak of many whiteLED lights and backlights of many electronic devices. Day creams for useoutdoors also should contain ingredients that strongly absorb 380-500nm, and particularly will have peaks around 380-440 nm. Sunscreens wouldhave ingredients that block efficiently in UV and HEV spectral range.

In another embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein, can befurther tailored for use in products for baby care, teenage-care, adultskin-, nail and hair-care products, products for elderly skin, etc.Moreover, the compositions can be tailored for particular use, e.g. onface, hands, body, feet, lips, nails, etc., for daily use andprotection, or for weekly- or monthly use, such as masks, boosters,serums, etc.

In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein can be usedfor pet skin- and fur-protection. By example only, creams or sprays forcats, dogs, birds and horses can be further developed from the proposedcompositions.

Certain specific examples of the compositions and methods are describedin more detail below.

Example 1

Various combinations of two or more oils from Group A, Group B, Type I,Type II and/or Type III oils are shown in FIG. 22A-22B. The absorbancespectra for the different oil combinations are shown in FIGS. 23A-23BV.

Referring to FIG. 23A-23B, which shows the absorbance spectra forformulations A1 and A2, respectively, the spectra for the two oilformulation provides some absorbance from 380-500 nm, but the absorbanceis much higher closer to the 380 nm limit. When an addition oil is added(FIG. 23B), the absorbance spectrum flattens out from 440-500 nm. Theseresults are consistent with the combinations of three or more oilsproviding more protection. A similar result is observed in comparingformulations B1 and B2 (FIGS. 23C-23D). Formulations A1, A2, B1 and B2are good examples for oil combinations that can provide goodUVA-protection, and to a certain extent, HEV-protection.

Comparing the spectra for formulations C1 and C2 (FIGS. 23E-23F), theabsorbance spectrum for the C1 formulation is substantially flatter thanthat of the C2 formulation. Carrot seed oil and flax seed oil, theactive ingredients in the C1 formulation, are strong absorbers in400-500 nm range. The addition of cinnamon oil, which has very strongabsorption around 400 nm and below, yielded a C2 formulation with strongabsorption in UVA range in addition to the absorbance in high energyblue-violet visible range.

Comparing the spectra for formulations D1 and D2 (FIGS. 23G-23H), theabsorbance spectra appear to be about the same. Thus, the addition ofpumpkin seed oil to extra virgin olive oil and turmeric oil did notsubstantially alter the overall spectra appearance. Due to the verystrong absorbance of one of the ingredients, turmeric oil, in the 400 nmrange and below, formulations D1 and D2 provide are strong absorbers inthis range and can provide good UVA protection, and to a certain extent,HEV protection.

Comparing the spectra for formulations E1 and E2 (FIGS. 23I-23J), theaddition of pumpkin seed oil (FIG. 23J) flattened out the spectrum from400-500 nm. Due to the very strong absorbance of one of the ingredients,turmeric oil, in the 400 nm range and below, formulations E1 and E2 aregood examples for oil combinations that can provide good UVA protection,and to a certain extent, HEV protection.

Comparing the spectra for formulation F1 and F2 (FIGS. 23K-23L), theaddition of Helichrysum oil results in very strong absorption in the 400nm range and below in addition to the absorbance of rosehip oil and hempseed oil in the 400-500 nm range.

Comparing the spectra for formulations G1 and G2, the addition ofturmeric oil to cumin oil/flax oil (FIG. 23M) seed does not improve theperformance of the cumin oil/flax seed oil alone (FIG. 23N). This may bea result of diluting the cumin oil/flax seed oil proportions in theoverall formulation. However, the addition of turmeric oil added avalue—a stronger absorbance of the G2 formulation below 400 nm and madethe formulation useful for UVA- and HEV-light protection.

Comparing the spectra for formulations H1 and H2, the addition of flaxseed oil to the cumin oil/hemp seed oil (FIG. 23O) does flatten out theabsorbance spectrum from 400-500 nm compared to the two oils alone (FIG.23P), meaning a broader absorbance profile, and thus, broader protectionis provided in 400-500 nm, especially in 440-500 nm range

In comparing the two spectra for formulations I1 and I2 (FIGS. 23Q-23R),the addition of cinnamon oil to the cumin oil/EVOO, which are goodHEV-light absorbers, added a pronounced absorption in the range around400 nm and below, which is characteristic of cinnamon oil.

Comparing the spectra for formulations J1 and J2 (FIG. 23S-23T), thereis a substantial flattening observed from 440-500 nm, when wheat germoil is added to the cumin oil/pumpkin seed oil combination. This isexpected as the wheat germ oil has pronounced absorbance peaks around460 nm and 480 nm and is a good addition to the cumin oil and pumpkinoil which have strong absorption below 440 nm. Formulations J1 and J2are good examples of oil combinations that yield strong high energyblue-violet light absorption, and thus, can provide good protection inthis range (400-500 nm).

Comparing the spectra for formulations for K1-K5 (FIGS. 23U-23Y), thewheat germ oil in combination with the cumin oil/hemp oil (FIG. 23U) hasa flatter absorbance curve than the cumin oil/hemp oil/EVOO combination(FIG. 23V). In comparing cumin oil/EVOO/wheat germ oil (FIG. 23W) vscumin oil/hemp oil/wheat germ oil (FIG. 23U), the EVOO addition to theother two oils results in a flatter absorbance curve. Altering theamounts by adding a fourth oil (FIG. 23X) causes an increase in theslope from 440 nm to 500 nm. Replacing the wheat germ oil with pumpkinseed oil (FIG. 23Y), results in an increasing slope for the absorbancecurve due to the strong absorbance peak of pumpkin seed oil at around420 nm. Overall, K1-K5 formulations are good examples of tunability ofthe absorbance profile of various oil combinations; by selection of thetype and fraction of HEV-absorbing oils, one can manipulate theabsorbance profile and absorbance intensity in this range (400-500 nm).

Comparing the spectra for formulations L1-L3 (FIGS. 23Z-23AB), theaddition of cumin oil (FIG. 23AA) to jojoba oil/hemp oil flattens outthe absorbance curve from 400-500 nm. The further addition of wheat germoil (FIG. 23AB) to provide a four oil combination further flattens thecurve from 380-500 nm. This is an example how the combination of oilswith strong absorption around 400 nm and in 400-500 nm range can providea tailored protection from high energy blue-violet light: while L1formulation provides a good protection in 400-450 nm range, L2 and L3formulations provide a broader protection than L1, i.e. protection inthe whole 400-500 nm range.

Comparing the spectra for formulations M1-M3 (FIGS. 23AC-23AE), theaddition of flax seed oil (FIG. 23AD) to jojoba oil/cumin oil in equalamounts flattens out the absorbance curve from 400-500 nm. The presenceof more jojoba oil (FIG. 23AE) appears to provide a decreased slope from440-500 nm due to a more pronounced absorption of jojoba oil in therange below 440 nm. M1-M3 formulations are good examples of hightunability of the absorption profile in 400-500 nm range by selectingcertain types and amounts of oils that absorb in this range.

Comparing the spectra for formulations N1-N4 (FIGS. 23AF-23AI), theaddition of cumin oil (FIG. 23AG) to jojoba oil/rosehip oil causes adecrease in the slope from 420-500 nm. A similar result is observed whenturmeric oil is added to rosehip oil/cumin oil (FIG. 23I). These resultsare consistent with a reduction in the amount of cumin oil causingdecreased absorbance from 420-500 nm.

Comparing the spectra for formulations O1-O4 (FIGS. 23AJ-23AM), theaddition of broccoli seed oil to EVOO/cranberry oil flattens out theabsorbance curve from 400-500 nm. Further additions of black raspberryand rosehip oils to EVOO/cranberry oil/broccoli oil insignificantlyaffect the absorption curve in 400-500 nm range, but these two oils addmore antioxidants and other nutrients to the formulation. O1-O4formulations are good examples for oil combinations with strongabsorption in HEV spectral range, and thus, are representative of oilcombinations that can provide a good light protection in this range.

Comparing the spectra for formulations P1-P4 (FIGS. 23AN-23AQ), theaddition of cranberry oil to the carrot seed oil/rosehip oil flattensout the absorbance curve from 400-500 nm. The addition of broccoli seedoil to the carrot seed oil/rosehip oil/cranberry oil formulation furtherflattens the absorption curve in 400-500 nm range. Furthermore, theaddition of strongly-HEV-absorbing seabuckthorn seed oil, which peakabsorbance is around 450 nm, make the O4-absorption curve to havesimilar peak absorbance around 450 nm. P1-P4 formulations are anothergood examples for oil combinations with strong absorption in HEVspectral range, or with other words, oil combinations that can provide agood protection in HEV spectral range.

Comparing the spectra for formulations Q1-Q4 (FIGS. 23AR-23AU), theaddition of red raspberry oil to black raspberry oil/jojoba oilformulation yielded a formulation with a similar slope of the absorptioncurve in 420-500 nm range. However, the Q2-formulation has moreabsorption around 400 nm range and below than Q1-formulation due to theUVA-absorbance of red raspberry oil. The addition of rosehip oildecreased the slope of the absorption curve in 420-500 nm range due tothe broad absorption peak of rosehip oil in this range. Furthermore,when hemp seed oil was added, the slope slightly increased.

Comparing the spectra for formulations R1-R4 (FIGS. 23AV-23AY), theaddition of rosehip oil to the pumpkin seed oil/broccoli oil flattensout the absorbance curve from 400-500 nm. The addition of turmeric oiland jojoba oil increase the slope of the absorption curve in 420-500 nmdue to the stronger absorption of these two oils in the 400 nm range.While R1 and R2 formulations are good examples for oil combinations withstrong absorbance in 400-500 nm range, R3 and R4 formulations are goodexamples of oil combinations with good UVA and good HEV absorbance.These four examples are examples of tailoring the absorbance profile,and thus, adjusting the protection in HEV light spectral range only, orin both, UVA and HEV light spectral range by selection of the activeingredients (oils) and their fractions in the oil combination.

Comparing the spectra for formulations AA1-AA4 (FIGS. 23AZ-23BC), thealteration of the ratios of four oils (FIGS. 23AZ and 23BA) results in achange in the absorbance curve. In particular, decreasing the amounts ofcumin oil, turmeric oil and EVOO causes an increase in the slope. Asimilar result (but to a lesser degree) is observed with rosehip oil isadded to the mixture (FIGS. 23BB, 23BC). These results are consistentwith the presence of more oils permitting adjustment of the individualamounts of oils in the formulation without adversely affecting theperformance.

Comparing the spectra for formulations BB1-BB4 (FIGS. 23BD-23BG), theaddition of cinnamon oil and Helichrysum oil to cumin oil/wheat germoil/hemp oil results in an increase in the slope (FIG. 23BE). Thisobservation may be due to the cumin oil/wheat germ oil/hemp oilformulation being diluted, as well as due to the strong absorption ofcinnamon oil and Helichrysum oil around 400 nm and below. Altering theamounts (FIG. 23BF and FIG. 23BG) did not substantially alter theoverall spectra, but the presence of more cumin oil/wheat germ oil/hempseed oil does appear to provide a flatter curve. This is an example ofhow from a strong HEV light absorbing oil combination (BB1 formulation),one can make oil combinations (BB2, BB3 and BB4 formulations) withstrong UVA absorption and good HEV light absorption.

Comparing the spectra for formulations CC1-CC3 (FIGS. 23BH-23BJ), theaddition of turmeric oil to cumin oil/pumpkin seed oil formulationincreases the slope of the absorption curve in 420-500 nm range. This isdue to the dilution of the cumin oil and pumpkin seed oil, but also dueto the strong absorption of turmeric oil in 400 nm range and below.Changes in the amount of the active ingredients in the formulations canaffect the slope in 420-500 nm range.

Comparting the spectra for formulations DD1-DD3 (FIGS. 23BK-23BM), theaddition of hemp oil to cumin oil/wheat germ oil combination (FIG. 23BL)flattens out the absorbance curve from 380-440 nm. The addition ofrosehip oil to the three oil combination did not substantially alter theoverall absorbance curve (FIG. 23BM). All three formulations DD1-DD3 areexamples of oil combinations with strong absorbance in 380-500 nm range,i.e. oil combinations that can provide good protection from the HEVlight.

Comparing the spectra for formulations EE1-EE3 (FIGS. 23BN-23BP), achange in the overall amounts of cumin oil/pumpkin seed oil/turmeric oildid not substantially alter the overall absorbance curve of the spectra(FIGS. 23BN and 23BO). The four oil EE3-formulation did result inflattening of the absorbance spectrum from 400-500 nm (FIG. 23BP) andstrong absorption in this spectral range

An absorbance curve for a formulation including cinnamon oil/Helichrysumoil is shown in FIG. 23BQ. As can be seen, this formulation providesvery strong absorbance from 380-400 nm but little or no absorbance above400 nm, and thus, it is an example of oil combination with very good UVAprotection

The absorbance spectra for two formulations FF1 and FF2 includingturmeric oil/broccoli oil/cranberry oil and seabuckthorn oil are shownin FIGS. 23BR-23BS. FIGS. 23BT-23BV show the addition of Helichrysum oilin various amounts. In comparing the five spectra, the addition ofseabuckthorn oil (FIG. 23BS) to the three oil formulation results in asubstantial absorbance increase in the 450-500 nm range. WhenHelichrysum oil is added to the four oil formulation, the newformulations FF3, FF4 and FF5 have the characteristics of strong UVAabsorption due to the strong absorption of Helichrysum oil around 400 nmand below. All these formulations, especially FF3-FF5 formulations areexamples of oil combinations with strong UVA and strong HEV lightabsorption.

Example 2

The absorbance spectra for several test formulations (CSI-1 to CSI-6)are shown in FIGS. 24A-24F. The formulations included: CSI-1—cuminoil/pumpkin oil/turmeric oil (51.4/45.7/2.9% by volume), CSI-2—cuminoil/hemp seed oil/wheat germ oil/rosehip oil (30.8/30.8/30.8/7.7% byvolume); CSI-3—seabuckthorn berry oil (100% by volume), CSI-4—turmericoil/broccoli seed oil/cranberry oil/seabuckthorn berry oil/Helichrysumoil (33.3/16.7/7.25/8.3/16.7% by volume), CSI-5—chaga extract in grainalcohol (100% by volume), CSI-6—chaga extract/seabuckthorn berry oil(77/23% by volume)

Example 3

The ability of the CSI-1 to CSI-4 formulations to reduce radical oxygenspecies in cells was studied using fish embryos.

Embryos of medaka fish were exposed to high-energy visible light (HEV orviolet-blue visible light) to investigate the response of the cells tothe induced oxidative stress and test the potential of two differentcompositions in preventing of ROS accumulation. Medaka embryos at thedevelopmental stages 35-36 (5-6 days old) were used.

Four experimental replicates of 10 embryos/replicate were evaluated forROS accumulation after exposure to HEV light. Each replicate was treatedwith CSI-1, CSI-2, CSI-3 or CSI-4 composition (without dilution) beforeirradiation during 5 minutes. Equally, four experimental replicates wereprepared for “control” (untreated embryos) and for control irradiated(“control+HEV”), and treated embryos with the compositions and notirradiated (CSI-1, CSI-2, CSI-3 and CSI-4).

Embryos were irradiated in an excavated microscope slide, immersed in100 microliters of Yamamoto medium, to avoid dehydration. The HEV lightsource (Lexman Blue Lamp GU10-12LED-BE-A) was placed at 6 cm from theembryos surface and the time of exposure was 4 hours (240 min), with anapproximate intensity of 70 W/m2 at 460 nm. Immediately afterirradiation, cells were incubated in ROS detection buffer forapproximately 1 hr. The intracellular ROS accumulated reacted with afluorogenic sensor localized in the cytoplasm, resulting in afluorometric product in amounts proportional to the amount of ROSpresent. Fluorescence quantification was measured using an excitationwavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 525 nm.

All the data were normalized to the “control” and represented asmean±standard deviation, analyzed statistically comparing treated vs“control”, and irradiated vs non-irradiated samples. The test appliedfor the analysis was the Student's t-test. Statistical significance wasset at p<0.05, 95% of confidence. The data are presented in three formsof normalization. In the first normalization process, untreated“control” was used as the reference “control” and the data defined theantioxidant activity and the efficacy of the irradiation treatment (i.e.HEV exposure) inducing ROS. In the second case, the irradiated control,i.e. “control+HEV” was used as a reference control to detect theefficacy of the compound protecting from ROS accumulation. The thirdnormalization used the difference between ROS levels at the“control+HEV” and the “control” as a reference, to determine theefficacy of the treatment upon the HEV-induced oxidative stress.

Fluorescence data collected from the assay was analyzed. The meanbackground of fluorescence was subtracted to each measure in eachreplicate. Then, the mean value for the four replicates in the control(untreated, non-irradiated) was calculated and this value was used tonormalize each measure of absorbance of the replicates in all thesamples and conditions. A bar graph was generated to representgraphically ROS accumulation in each of the conditions tested.Statistical analysis was performed to determinate the significancebetween the differences in the level of ROS detected among the samplesand the treatments.

The results showed that HEV light (blue light) induced ROS levels infish embryos by 91.6±22.5% compared to the control group. When embryoswithout being irradiated were treated with CSI-1, CSI-2, CSI-3 andCSI-4, ROS levels were not affected compared to the control group (FIG.25 where p-value <0.05). When embryos were treated with the products andirradiated, results showed that CSI-1 and CSI-2 decreased ROS levels by55.5±15.4% and 49.7±11.2%, respectively, when ROS were induced after HEVlight exposure. The treatments with CSI-3 and CSI-4 showed a positivetrend by decreasing ROS levels in 21.3±8.5% and 19.8±13.4%,respectively. The high oil content of products CSI-3 and CSI-4 comparedwith CSI-1 and CSI-2, make the embryo penetration difficult and explainthe low HEV light protection provided by them (FIG. 26 ).

The basal level of ROS present in the untreated control is consideredthe background level of ROS endogenous to all cells. This way, thedifference between ROS levels in the “control+HEV” and the “control”corresponds to the oxidative stress induced by HEV light. By subtractingthe basal level (control) to all other samples, the effect of thetreatment on the HEV-induced ROS accumulation was quantified. Theresults showed that the treatments with CSI-1 and CSI-2 significantlyprotected from HEV-induced oxidative stress (ROS accumulation) by116.2±32.2% and 103.9±23.4%, respectively. The treatments with CSI-3 andCSI-4 showed a positive trend by decreasing ROS levels in 44.4±17.8% and41.5±28.1%, respectively FIG. 27 ).

Results from HEV protection studies showed that HEV light (blue light)induced ROS levels in fish embryos by 91.6±22.5% compared to the controlgroup, and the treatment with CSI-1 and CSI-2 decreased ROS levels by55.5±15.4% and 49.7±11.2%, respectively. The treatments with CSI-3 andCSI-4 showed a positive trend by decreasing ROS levels in 21.3±8.5% and19.8±13.4%, respectively. When analyzing only the HEV-induced oxidativestress (difference between ROS levels in the “Control+HEV” and the“Control”), results showed that the treatments with CSI-1 and CSI-2significantly protected from HEV-induced damage (ROS accumulation) by116.2±32.2% and 103.9±23.4%, respectively. The treatments with CSI-3 andCSI-4 showed a positive trend by decreasing ROS levels in 44.4±17.8% and41.5±28.1%, respectively, but these results were not statisticallysignificant. The high oil content of products CSI-3 and CSI-4, comparedwith CSI-1 and CSI-2, may render CSI-3 and CSI-4 substantiallyimpermeable to dermal penetration and explain the small protectionprovided by them.

These results are consistent with the CSI-1 and CSI-2 formulationssignificantly protecting the cells from oxidative stress induced byhigh-energy visible (HEV) light. All the results are statisticallyanalyzed and considered significant with a p value <0.05.

In summary, these results showed that CSI-1 and CSI-2 protected fromHEV-induced damage in fish eleutheroembryos by 116.2±32.2% and103.9±23.4%, respectively, compared to the control group, when oxidativestress was induced with HEV irradiation. The treatments with CSI-3 andCSI-4 showed a positive trend by decreasing ROS levels in 44.4±17.8% and41.5±28.1%, respectively, but these results were not statisticallysignificant. The high oil content of products CSI-3 and CSI-4, comparedwith CSI-1 and CSI-2, make the embryo penetration difficult and mayexplain the small HEV light protection provided by them.

Example 4

The ability of the CSI-5 and CSI-6 formulations to reduce radical oxygenspecies in cells was studied using fish embryos in a similar manner asused in Example 3.

Embryos of medaka fish were exposed to high-energy visible light (HEV orviolet-blue visible light) to investigate the response of the cells tothe induced oxidative stress and test the potential of the two differentcompositions (CSI-5 and CSI-6) in preventing of ROS accumulation. Medakaembryos at the developmental stages 35-36 (5-6 days old) were used. Fourexperimental replicates of 10 embryos/replicate were evaluated for ROSaccumulation after exposure to HEV light. Each replicate was treatedwith CSI-5 or CSI-6 composition (without dilution) before irradiationduring 5 minutes. Equally, four experimental replicates were preparedfor “control” (untreated embryos) and for control irradiated(“control+HEV”), and treated embryos with the compositions and notirradiated (CSI-5 and CSI-6).

Embryos were irradiated in an excavated microscope slide, immersed in100 microliters of Yamamoto medium, to avoid dehydration. The HEV lightsource (Lexman Blue Lamp GU10-12LED-BE-A) was placed at 6 cm from theembryos surface and the time of exposure was 4 hours (240 min), with anapproximate intensity of 70 W/m2 at 460 nm. Immediately afterirradiation, cells were incubated in ROS detection buffer forapproximately 1 hr. The intracellular ROS accumulated reacted with afluorogenic sensor localized in the cytoplasm, resulting in afluorometric product in amounts proportional to the amount of ROSpresent. Fluorescence quantification was measured at an excitationwavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 525 nm.

All the data were normalized to the “control” and represented asmean±standard deviation, analyzed statistically comparing treated vs“control”, and irradiated vs non-irradiated samples. The test appliedfor the analysis was the Student's t-test. Statistical significance wasset at p<0.05, 95% of confidence. The data are presented in three formsof normalization. In the first normalization process, untreated“control” was used as the reference “control” and the data defined theantioxidant activity and the efficacy of the irradiation treatment (i.e.HEV exposure) inducing ROS. In the second case, the irradiated control,i.e. “control+HEV” was used as a reference control to detect theefficacy of the compound protecting from ROS accumulation. The thirdnormalization used the difference between ROS levels at the“control+HEV” and the “control” as a reference, to determine theefficacy of the treatment upon the HEV-induced oxidative stress.

Fluorescence data collected from the assay was analyzed. The meanbackground of fluorescence was subtracted to each measure in eachreplicate. Then, the mean value for the four replicates in the control(untreated, non-irradiated) was calculated and this value was used tonormalize each measure of absorbance of the replicates in all thesamples and conditions. A bar graph was generated to representgraphically ROS accumulation in each of the conditions tested.Statistical analysis was performed to determinate the significancebetween the differences in the level of ROS detected among the samplesand the treatments.

The results showed that HEV light (violet-blue light) significantlyinduced ROS levels in fish embryos by 142.7±4.4% compared to the controlgroup. When embryos without being irradiated were treated with the CSI-5and CSI-6 formulations, the results showed that CSI-5 and CSI-6compositions displayed antioxidant activity, since they significantlydecreased ROS accumulation by 59.9±4.7% and 67.6±3.5%, respectively, asshown in FIG. 28 .

When embryos were treated with the CSI-5 and CSI-6 compositions andirradiated, the results showed that CSI-5 and CSI-6 decreased ROS levelsby 93.3±2.0% and 94.1±2.5%, respectively, where ROS were induced afterHEV light (FIG. 29 ).

The basal level of ROS present in the untreated control is consideredthe background level of ROS endogenous to all cells. This way, thedifference between ROS levels in the “control+HEV” and the “control”corresponds to the oxidative stress induced by HEV light. By subtractingthe basal level (control) to all other samples, the effect of thetreatment on the HEV-induced ROS accumulation was quantified. Theresults showed that the treatments with CSI-5 and CSI-6 significantlyprotected from HEV-induced damage (ROS accumulation) by 159.1±3.4% and160.0±4.2%, respectively (FIG. 30 ).

Together, the results are consistent with the CSI-5 and CSI-6 displayingantioxidant activity, since they significantly decreased ROSaccumulation by 59.9±4.7% and 67.6±3.5%, respectively, when topicallyapplied on medaka eleutheroembryos without subsequent irradiation. Whenembryos were treated with the products and irradiated, results showedthat CSI-5 and CSI-6 decreased ROS levels by 93.3±2.0% and 94.1±2.5%.When analyzing only the HEV-induced oxidative stress (difference betweenROS levels in the “control+HEV” and the “control”), results showed thatthe treatments with CSI-5 and CSI-6 significantly protected fromHEV-induced damage (ROS accumulation) by 159.1±3.4% and 160.0±4.2%,respectively. These results indicate that CSI-5 and CSI-6 presentantioxidant activity and significantly protect from oxidative stressinduced by high-energy visible (HEV) light. All the results arestatistically analyzed and considered significant with a p value <0.05.In summary, the results showed that CSI-5 and CSI-6 displayedantioxidant activity, through decreasing ROS accumulation by 59.9±4.7%and 67.6±3.5%, respectively, when topically applied on medakaeleutheroembryos without subsequent irradiation. CSI-5 and CSI-6 alsoprotected from HEV-induced damage by 159.1±3.4% and 160.0±4.2%,respectively, compared to the control group, when oxidative stress wasinduced with HEV irradiation.

Example 5

The absorbance spectra of various commercial sunscreen products werecompared to the absorbance spectra of various oils. The results areshown in FIGS. 31A-31F.

Referring to FIG. 31A, the absorbance spectrum of blackberry oilcompared to SPF50 and SPF30 sunscreens shows that the two sunscreenformulations have little or no absorbance from 400-500 nm, whereas theblackberry oil has a high absorbance from 380-500 nm. Therefore,blackberry oil can be added to existing sunscreen formulations withbroad UVB+UVA protection and extend the sunscreen's range of protectionto 500 nm.

Referring to FIG. 31B, the absorbance spectrum of wheat germ oilcompared to SPF50 and SPF30 sunscreen shows that the two sunscreenformulations have little or no absorbance from 400-500 nm, whereas thewheat germ oil has a high absorbance from 380-500 nm. Therefore, wheatgerm oil can be added to existing sunscreen formulations with broadUVB+UVA protection and extend the sunscreen's range of protection to 500nm.

Referring to FIG. 31C, the absorbance spectrum of pumpkin seed oilcompared to SPF50 and SPF30 sunscreen shows that the two sunscreenformulations have little or no absorbance from 400-500 nm, whereas thepumpkin seed oil has a high absorbance from 380-500 nm. Therefore,pumpkin seed oil can be added to existing sunscreen formulations withbroad UVB+UVA protection and extend the sunscreen's range of protectionto 500 nm.

Referring to FIG. 31D, the absorbance spectrum of cumin oil compared toSPF50 and SPF30 sunscreen shows that the two sunscreen formulations havelittle or no absorbance from 400-500 nm, whereas the cumin oil has ahigh absorbance from 380-500 nm. Therefore, cumin (black seed) oil canbe added to existing sunscreen formulations with broad UVB+UVAprotection and extend the sunscreen's range of protection to 500 nm.

Referring to FIG. 31E, the absorbance spectrum of CSI-2 (cumin oil/hempoil/wheat germ oil/rosehip oil at 30.8/30.8/30.8/7.7% by volume,respectively) compared to SPF50 and SPF30 sunscreens shows that the twosunscreen formulations have little or no absorbance from 400-500 nm,whereas the CSI-2 formulation has a high absorbance from 380-500 nm.Therefore, CSI-2 formulation can be added to existing sunscreenformulations with broad UVB+UVA protection and extend the sunscreen'srange of protection to 500 nm.

Referring to FIG. 31F, the absorbance spectrum of CSI-4 (turmericoil/broccoli oil/cranberry oil/seabuckthorn berry oil/Helichrysum oil at33.3/16.7/7.25/8.3/16.7% by volume, respectively) compared to SPF50 andSPF30 sunscreen shows that the two sunscreen formulations have little orno absorbance from 400-500 nm, whereas the CSI-4 formulation has a highabsorbance from 380-500 nm. Therefore, CSI-4 formulation can be added toexisting sunscreen formulations with broad UVB+UVA protection and extendthe sunscreen's range of protection to 500 nm.

Example 6

Absorbance spectra presented in FIGS. 32A and 32B are spectra taken ofdifferent thicknesses of formulations L3 and K5, respectively, whereL3-a and K5-a are the absorption spectra of the thinnest samples of L3and K5, followed by L3-b and K5-b samples, while samples L3-c and K5-care the thickest samples among all three measured samples of bothformulations. The absorption spectra presented in FIGS. 32A and 32B areexamples of tunability of the absorbance intensity (amplitude) byadjusting the optical path in accordance with the Beer's law: A=Ecl,where A is the absorbance, E is the extinction coefficient, c is theconcentration and l is the optical path (thickness). In a topicallyapplied composition, this optical path (i.e. the thickness of the activeingredients) can be easily controlled by the delivery method, viz.film-forming ability of the final compositions and the thickness of theapplied topical film, or by the size of the liposomes or other carriersor delivery agents where the active ingredients are incorporated, etc.Also, the intensity of the absorbance can be easily tuned by theconcentration of the active ingredients (oils) in the final formulationin accordance with the Beer's law.

Example 7

HEV/VIS ratios were calculated for various oils. The HEV value was basedon the average absorbance in the 400-500 nm range, and the VIS value wasbased on the average absorbance in the 380-750 nm range. As shown inFIGS. 33A-33C, the oils are grouped according to their HEV/VIS ratiowith oils having a HEV/VIS ratio greater than or equal to 1.5 beingHEV-1 group oils, those oils having a HEV/VIS ratio in the range 1.0-1.5being HEV-2 group oils, and those oils having a HEV/VIS ratio of lessthan or equal to 1.0 being UVA group oils. The higher the HEV/VIS ratio,the better the ability to protect within the 400-500 nm wavelengthrange.

Example 8

The HEV/VIS ratio of the oil formulations of Example 1 were calculatedto assess the relative ability of the various formulations to protectfrom HEV light. As shown in FIG. 34 , those formulations with HEV/VISratios of about 1.5 or above should provide more protection to the skin,hair and nails than those formulations with a HEV/VIS ratio below 1.5.Certain formulations provide a HEV/VIS ratio of over 2.0 or 2.5. Theseformulations may be particularly desirable since they should absorbsubstantial amounts of HEV light over the 400-500 nm range or the380-500 nm range.

When introducing elements of the examples disclosed herein, the articles“a,” “an,” “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one ormore of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including” and “having”are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additionalelements other than the listed elements. It will be recognized by theperson of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of thisdisclosure, that various components of the examples can be interchangedor substituted with various components in other examples.

Although certain aspects, examples and embodiments have been describedabove, it will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art,given the benefit of this disclosure, that additions, substitutions,modifications, and alterations of the disclosed illustrative aspects,examples and embodiments are possible.

1-70. (canceled)
 71. A composition comprising: at least one natural oilor extract present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio ofgreater than or equal to 1.5 at an area of an animal where thecomposition has been topically administered; and a carrier combinablewith the natural oil or extract to permit topical application of thenatural oil or extract to the skin, hair or nails.
 72. The compositionof claim 71, in which the natural oil or extract and its concentrationis present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least1.75.
 73. The composition of claim 71, in which the natural oil orextract and its concentration is present in an effective amount toprovide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 2.0.
 74. The composition of claim71, in which the natural oil or extract and its concentration is presentin an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 2.25. 75.The composition of claim 71, further comprising two natural oils orextracts or their combination, wherein the two natural oils or extractsare each present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of atleast 1.5 for the composition.
 76. The method of claim 75, in which thetwo natural oils or extracts or their combination and theirconcentrations are selected to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 2.0for the composition.
 77. The composition of claim 71, further comprisingat least three natural oils or extracts or their combination, whereinthe three natural oils or extracts are each present in an effectiveamount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 for the composition.78. The composition of claim 77, in which the three natural oils orextracts or their combination and their concentrations are selected toprovide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 2.0 for the composition.
 79. Thecomposition of claim 71, in which the composition comprises at leastfour natural oils or extracts or their combination each present in aneffective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 or at least2.0 for the composition.
 80. The composition of claim 71, furthercomprising at least one of (i) an additional component effective toabsorb incident light having a wavelength below 380 nm, (ii) a boostereffective to reduce reactive oxygen species or (iii) particles effectiveto scatter light comprising a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500nm.
 81. A composition comprising: at least one natural oil or extract,wherein the natural oil or extract is present in an effective amount inthe composition to reduce reactive oxygen species in an external animalcell by at least 10% after topical application of the composition to theexternal animal cell, and wherein the composition comprises an effectiveamount of the oil to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 where thecomposition has been topically applied; and a carrier combinable withthe natural oil or extract to permit topical application of the naturaloil or extract to the external animal cell.
 82. The composition of claim81, in which the natural oil or extract and its concentration is presentin an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio is at least 1.75. 83.The composition of claim 81, in which the natural oil or extract and itsconcentration is present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VISratio is at least 2.0.
 84. The composition of claim 81, in which thenatural oil or extract and its concentration is present in an effectiveamount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio is at least 2.25.
 85. The compositionof claim 81, further comprising at least two natural oils or extracts,wherein the two natural oils or extracts or their combination and eachis present in an effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least1.5 for the composition.
 86. The method of claim 85, in which the twonatural oils or extracts or their combination and their concentrationare selected to provide a HEV/VIS ratio is at least 2.0 for thecomposition.
 87. The composition of claim 81, further comprising atleast three natural oils or extracts, wherein the three natural oils orextracts or their combination and each is present in an effective amountto provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 for the composition.
 88. Thecomposition of claim 87, in which the three natural oils or extracts ortheir combination and their concentration are selected to provide aHEV/VIS ratio is at least 2.0 for the composition.
 89. The compositionof claim 81, further comprising selecting the composition to comprise atleast four natural oils or extracts or their combination each present inan effective amount to provide a HEV/VIS ratio of at least 1.5 or atleast 2.0 for the composition.
 90. The composition of claim 81, furthercomprising at least one of (i) an additional component effective toabsorb incident light having a wavelength below 380 nm, (ii) a boostereffective to reduce reactive oxygen species or (iii) particles effectiveto scatter light comprising a wavelength of about 380 nm to about 500nm. 91-131. (canceled)